Showing posts with label CULTURAL IDENTITY. Show all posts
Showing posts with label CULTURAL IDENTITY. Show all posts

Saturday, 15 October 2011

'New Black Imagination' Festival





The Festival of the New Black Imagination is about inspiration and ideas. It’s a space for innovative and provocative black cultural producers to share their ideas and passion. Most importantly, it is a platform that highlights those who are on the forefront of redefining and expanding notions of black authenticity for the 21st century.

{details here}





The Festival of the New Black Imagination is about inspiration and ideas. It’s a space for innovative and provocative black cultural producers to share their ideas and passion. Most importantly, it is a platform that highlights those who are on the forefront of redefining and expanding notions of black authenticity for the 21st century.

{details here}

Tuesday, 4 October 2011

Yinka Shonibare's 'Odile and Odette'



The film, with choreography by Kim Brandstrup features two ballerinas, one black one white, who explore the Swan Lake roles of Odile and Odette through a baroque mirror emphasizing the interplay between reality and reflection, conscious and unconscious. With the dancers wearing classical tutus made of African textiles Shonibare's film challenges assumptions about representation by playfully blurring the boundaries between stereotypically Western ideas about 'high' art and traditional categorisations of 'African art.'
[here]

We see each dancer emulating the other’s movements and expressions, although the emphasis here is on the African dancer who is enacting a careful and studied imitation of the highly valued, and European-produced, ballet art form.
[here]

Shonibare's interpretation extends the theme of blackness and whiteness in his juxtaposition of the two dancers and calls into question the Western binary opposition in which negative or "dark" forces are polarized against positive, "light" ones.
Odile and Odette, Shonibare's second film work to date, was commissioned by London's Royal Opera and Ballet. The artist has noted, with some irony, that his film features one ballerina drawn from the Royal Ballet (the white dancer) and an independent dancer sourced by the company because it did not have a black ballerina in its corps.

[here]



[Full lenght film: 14 minutes, 28 seconds]


Speaking of the work at a recent lecture at Goldsmiths College Shonibare explained the ballerina represents “the epitome of ‘civilized sensibilities’.” Accompanying the film was a sculpture of a ballerina of ambivalent race perched atop a black cloud: “a ballerina balanced on a black mushroom cloud of war and destruction.” Irony, again, is writ large. Civilization creates beautiful things, beautiful art in particular, but at what cost?
[here]




Gostaria de dedicar, com amizade, este post ‘a Marinela.
A Marinela foi minha colega no Liceu e era (ainda e’?) a unica bailarina classica negra Angolana que conheco. Foi ela que, na primeira metade da decada de 90, em Lisboa, me levou 'a companhia de danca que aqui mencionava, onde pratiquei o que entao se chamava “danca jazz” (ainda se chama?). As aulas que frequentei eram para amadores, mas o “warm-up”, baseado em exercicios 'tailor-made' para bailarinos classicos, era feito em conjunto com os profissionais da companhia, entre os quais a Marinela se incluia. Eramos entao, eu e ela, as unicas negras no grupo.

A companhia era dirigida por uma coreografa Franco-Argelina coadjuvada por um ex-bailarino classico Russo, que tinha tido o desaire de ter fracturado um joelho e assim ficado incapacitado de dancar profissionalmente. Ela tinha sempre um ar muito frio e distante e a unica vez que se dirigiu a mim foi para dizer, como se estivesse a dirigir-se a outra pessoa: "vejo ai muita emocao e sensualidade, mas muito pouca tecnica!" ...como se eu nao fosse, assumidamente, apenas uma amadora... Ja' ele, muito mais relaxado e divertido, estava sempre muito atento a minha “postura” (nao apenas fisica) nas aulas e explicava porque ao resto do grupo: “ela ri-se de si propria em frente ao espelho, mostrando-se consciente das suas falhas, mas depois de se rir fica muito seria e corrige a sua postura e os seus passos”…

Mas, era da Marinela que me apetecia falar… que e’ feito de ti Marinela?


[Post (nao) relacionado: Sobras]


Related Post:

Maqoma's Beautiful Me


Materia (nao) Relacionada



The film, with choreography by Kim Brandstrup features two ballerinas, one black one white, who explore the Swan Lake roles of Odile and Odette through a baroque mirror emphasizing the interplay between reality and reflection, conscious and unconscious. With the dancers wearing classical tutus made of African textiles Shonibare's film challenges assumptions about representation by playfully blurring the boundaries between stereotypically Western ideas about 'high' art and traditional categorisations of 'African art.'
[
here]

We see each dancer emulating the other’s movements and expressions, although the emphasis here is on the African dancer who is enacting a careful and studied imitation of the highly valued, and European-produced, ballet art form.
[here]

Shonibare's interpretation extends the theme of blackness and whiteness in his juxtaposition of the two dancers and calls into question the Western binary opposition in which negative or "dark" forces are polarized against positive, "light" ones.
Odile and Odette, Shonibare's second film work to date, was commissioned by London's Royal Opera and Ballet. The artist has noted, with some irony, that his film features one ballerina drawn from the Royal Ballet (the white dancer) and an independent dancer sourced by the company because it did not have a black ballerina in its corps.

[here]



[Full lenght film: 14 minutes, 28 seconds]


Speaking of the work at a recent lecture at Goldsmiths College Shonibare explained the ballerina represents “the epitome of ‘civilized sensibilities’.” Accompanying the film was a sculpture of a ballerina of ambivalent race perched atop a black cloud: “a ballerina balanced on a black mushroom cloud of war and destruction.” Irony, again, is writ large. Civilization creates beautiful things, beautiful art in particular, but at what cost?
[here]




Gostaria de dedicar, com amizade, este post ‘a Marinela.
A Marinela foi minha colega no Liceu e era (ainda e’?) a unica bailarina classica negra Angolana que conheco. Foi ela que, na primeira metade da decada de 90, em Lisboa, me levou 'a companhia de danca que aqui mencionava, onde pratiquei o que entao se chamava “danca jazz” (ainda se chama?). As aulas que frequentei eram para amadores, mas o “warm-up”, baseado em exercicios 'tailor-made' para bailarinos classicos, era feito em conjunto com os profissionais da companhia, entre os quais a Marinela se incluia. Eramos entao, eu e ela, as unicas negras no grupo.

A companhia era dirigida por uma coreografa Franco-Argelina coadjuvada por um ex-bailarino classico Russo, que tinha tido o desaire de ter fracturado um joelho e assim ficado incapacitado de dancar profissionalmente. Ela tinha sempre um ar muito frio e distante e a unica vez que se dirigiu a mim foi para dizer, como se estivesse a dirigir-se a outra pessoa: "vejo ai muita emocao e sensualidade, mas muito pouca tecnica!" ...como se eu nao fosse, assumidamente, apenas uma amadora... Ja' ele, muito mais relaxado e divertido, estava sempre muito atento a minha “postura” (nao apenas fisica) nas aulas e explicava porque ao resto do grupo: “ela ri-se de si propria em frente ao espelho, mostrando-se consciente das suas falhas, mas depois de se rir fica muito seria e corrige a sua postura e os seus passos”…

Mas, era da Marinela que me apetecia falar… que e’ feito de ti Marinela?


[Post (nao) relacionado: Sobras]


Related Post:

Maqoma's Beautiful Me


Materia (nao) Relacionada

Wednesday, 27 July 2011

Opera: 'Most Frequent Questions'





Q.: What is it?
A.: Just Like Classical Ballett, A European Art Form


"Opera is the European art form par excellence, because it overcomes national and linguistic barriers through the universal language of music. Its core values and themes are central to European culture, which is part of our common identity. For this reason, the European Opera Days are celebrated on the weekend closest to 9 May, Europe Day.



Over time Opera has become an emblem of European culture. Its creation and performance are a prime focus of a nation’s cultural identity, but one which communicates internationally. An opera house belongs to its own town and region, but it is visible to the world."

here



Q.: What's at it's core?
A.: The Aria


"Tom Sutcliffe has a long pedigree when it comes to opera. He was hooked at the age of four. It's given him plenty of time to fathom what it is that makes this theatrical form impinge so powerfully. He argues that while it might seem grand, flamboyant, passionate and overtly emotional, when you look more closely it's the intimacy of it that counts.



The aria, and Tom believes these are at its core, is a confessional form. It might be launched into a huge auditorium with gut-busting zeal and massive vocal projection, but what it does is to open the character's emotions up to the audience by way of the music. The music, the singing, is everything, and it's why the aria, which Tom believes is opera's version of the cinematic close-up, is so important.
There are plenty of other elements that contribute. Relevance in setting and substance can be too slavishly observed but they matter as well. Laced with his recollections of the good and the bad in his many years as a critic, Tom makes the case for opera by going beyond the usual cliche's and enthusiasms for grandeur and beauty."

here



Q.: Is it "for the masses" and 'all that important'?
A.: Well... Just read this:


How I fell out of love with opera

"I've been writing about opera for about a decade now, and over the years, as I've watched one companion after another's eyes glaze over, or close gently, during a show, I have begun to wonder: what if I'm wrong about this? What if it actually is all rubbish, self-indulgent, glittery, adolescent, incontinent, with a vastly inflated view of its own importance? Can opera ever be more than a diversion for people with too much money and too little taste? And was it ever intended to be, anyway?
You hardly need me to tell you that opera is pretty stupid. Ask the audience: plenty of them will tell you the same – if you can get them to wake up. Is there any other form of entertainment so frequented by people who do not like it? This notion – that opera is not actually all that much fun – is hardly new; that's why it comes all dollied up in red velvet, snobbery, fancy dress and vats of alcohol – sops to the considerable sections of the audience who are there for reasons not associated with aesthetic pleasure: the socially ambitious, the conspicuous spenders, those trying to beguile clients or spouses or potential mistresses.



The opera festival is the ne plus ultra of this: an affair where the supposed main event is actually a sideshow to a rigmarole of Issey Miyake shawls, mud-caked mules, champagne and salmon on the lawn. Opera's apologists and the publicity departments of state-funded houses will tell you that it isn't really like that at all, that opera is an art form for the people, that there is no class or age barrier, that indeed the audience are almost entirely first-timers, all under 30, as diverse as the day is long. Five minutes' research will tell you the facts: 6% of the adult population has been to an operatic event of some sort. As a reward for this, 11% of the arts council's entire funding is awarded to opera – and more than 90% of that goes to the national companies, who between them put on fewer than half of the opera performances in the country.
[…]
You will sometimes hear people say opera was intended as an entertainment for the masses, and it is true that at certain periods in 19th-century Italy it seems to have been immensely popular with all classes (or at least all classes that were worth mentioning, which may not be exactly the same thing). Your Italian bourgeois was presumably no more keen than any other nation's on hanging out with the unwashed. In any event, opera was about the closest thing the country had then to a mass media, a phenomenon put to good use by Giuseppe Verdi, who used his operas as a means of promoting the cause of Italian unity.
Nonetheless, this was an aberration. Opera was created in the late 16th century as entertainment for the rich, and for most of its history has remained just that. Whenever it has threatened to become too popular, its plutocratic patrons have done everything in their power to stop it: in 1733, the Prince of Wales set up his own company, tellingly named Opera of the Nobility, to rival Handel's company when that was thought to be getting a bit common; and you don't have to think nearly that far back to remember outbreaks of horror at Covent Garden over relaxations in codes of dress and deportment, and regular contumely is still thrown at directors who threaten to do anything interesting with their shows, or open them up in any way to people not already profoundly versed in the arcana of opera.
[…]
Operatic beginnings owed everything to ancient Greece and young men prancing about with enormous flapping leather phalluses. These Dionysiac roots soon gave way to something altogether more puritanical, so that by the 19th century, far from being a celebration of the anarchic power of sex, opera was mostly concerned with killing off women in big dresses who transgressed against the terrifically hypocritical, misogynistic mores of the time."




Related Posts:

Aria by Grover Washington Jr.

Burrice e/ou Ignorancia, Ou Seria o Contrario?





Q.: What is it?
A.: Just Like Classical Ballett, A European Art Form


"Opera is the European art form par excellence, because it overcomes national and linguistic barriers through the universal language of music. Its core values and themes are central to European culture, which is part of our common identity. For this reason, the European Opera Days are celebrated on the weekend closest to 9 May, Europe Day.



Over time Opera has become an emblem of European culture. Its creation and performance are a prime focus of a nation’s cultural identity, but one which communicates internationally. An opera house belongs to its own town and region, but it is visible to the world."

here



Q.: What's at it's core?
A.: The Aria


"Tom Sutcliffe has a long pedigree when it comes to opera. He was hooked at the age of four. It's given him plenty of time to fathom what it is that makes this theatrical form impinge so powerfully. He argues that while it might seem grand, flamboyant, passionate and overtly emotional, when you look more closely it's the intimacy of it that counts.



The aria, and Tom believes these are at its core, is a confessional form. It might be launched into a huge auditorium with gut-busting zeal and massive vocal projection, but what it does is to open the character's emotions up to the audience by way of the music. The music, the singing, is everything, and it's why the aria, which Tom believes is opera's version of the cinematic close-up, is so important.
There are plenty of other elements that contribute. Relevance in setting and substance can be too slavishly observed but they matter as well. Laced with his recollections of the good and the bad in his many years as a critic, Tom makes the case for opera by going beyond the usual cliche's and enthusiasms for grandeur and beauty."

here



Q.: Is it "for the masses" and 'all that important'?
A.: Well... Just read this:


How I fell out of love with opera

"I've been writing about opera for about a decade now, and over the years, as I've watched one companion after another's eyes glaze over, or close gently, during a show, I have begun to wonder: what if I'm wrong about this? What if it actually is all rubbish, self-indulgent, glittery, adolescent, incontinent, with a vastly inflated view of its own importance? Can opera ever be more than a diversion for people with too much money and too little taste? And was it ever intended to be, anyway?
You hardly need me to tell you that opera is pretty stupid. Ask the audience: plenty of them will tell you the same – if you can get them to wake up. Is there any other form of entertainment so frequented by people who do not like it? This notion – that opera is not actually all that much fun – is hardly new; that's why it comes all dollied up in red velvet, snobbery, fancy dress and vats of alcohol – sops to the considerable sections of the audience who are there for reasons not associated with aesthetic pleasure: the socially ambitious, the conspicuous spenders, those trying to beguile clients or spouses or potential mistresses.



The opera festival is the ne plus ultra of this: an affair where the supposed main event is actually a sideshow to a rigmarole of Issey Miyake shawls, mud-caked mules, champagne and salmon on the lawn. Opera's apologists and the publicity departments of state-funded houses will tell you that it isn't really like that at all, that opera is an art form for the people, that there is no class or age barrier, that indeed the audience are almost entirely first-timers, all under 30, as diverse as the day is long. Five minutes' research will tell you the facts: 6% of the adult population has been to an operatic event of some sort. As a reward for this, 11% of the arts council's entire funding is awarded to opera – and more than 90% of that goes to the national companies, who between them put on fewer than half of the opera performances in the country.
[…]
You will sometimes hear people say opera was intended as an entertainment for the masses, and it is true that at certain periods in 19th-century Italy it seems to have been immensely popular with all classes (or at least all classes that were worth mentioning, which may not be exactly the same thing). Your Italian bourgeois was presumably no more keen than any other nation's on hanging out with the unwashed. In any event, opera was about the closest thing the country had then to a mass media, a phenomenon put to good use by Giuseppe Verdi, who used his operas as a means of promoting the cause of Italian unity.
Nonetheless, this was an aberration. Opera was created in the late 16th century as entertainment for the rich, and for most of its history has remained just that. Whenever it has threatened to become too popular, its plutocratic patrons have done everything in their power to stop it: in 1733, the Prince of Wales set up his own company, tellingly named Opera of the Nobility, to rival Handel's company when that was thought to be getting a bit common; and you don't have to think nearly that far back to remember outbreaks of horror at Covent Garden over relaxations in codes of dress and deportment, and regular contumely is still thrown at directors who threaten to do anything interesting with their shows, or open them up in any way to people not already profoundly versed in the arcana of opera.
[…]
Operatic beginnings owed everything to ancient Greece and young men prancing about with enormous flapping leather phalluses. These Dionysiac roots soon gave way to something altogether more puritanical, so that by the 19th century, far from being a celebration of the anarchic power of sex, opera was mostly concerned with killing off women in big dresses who transgressed against the terrifically hypocritical, misogynistic mores of the time."




Related Posts:

Aria by Grover Washington Jr.

Burrice e/ou Ignorancia, Ou Seria o Contrario?

Saturday, 22 January 2011

Lundas: Quando a Historia, a Politica, a Economia, a Cultura e os Direitos Humanos Colidem




O CASO DO PROTECTORADO DOS LUNDA-TCHOKWES. Os Lundas-Tchokwe desde 2007, vêm reivindicando a autodeterminação do seu território que abrange Lunda-Norte, Lunda-Sul, Moxico e Kuando-Kubango. Neste vai vem o Governo do MPLA prendeu cerca de 37 membros que fazem parte da Comissão do Manifesto Jurídico Sociológico do Protectorado da Lunda Tchokwe (CMJSPLT), tendo os mesmos acusados de crime contra segurança do Estado, por ter apresentado no dia 3 de Agosto de 2007, um Manifesto de Reivindicação da Autonomia Administrativa e Financeira efectiva da Lunda pelo facto de serem Independentes desde 24 de Março de 1894 e por força jurídica dos tratados de Protectorado de 1885-1887 celebrados entre Portugal e os Soberanos Lunda Tchokwes e Portugal ter produzido a Lei nº 8904/1955. Angola Independente, não justificou a razão da presença dele na Lunda desde 1975. Por falta da vontade politica do Governo Angolano, a única saida foi acusar a CMJSPL de estar a cometer crimes que lesa com a segurança do Estado ou de criação de algum exercito paralelo, depois de terem passado mais de 24 meses da vigência do Manifesto Reivindicativo e a sua publicação. Na realidade não existe nenhum crime contra a segurança do Estado Angolano, o que existe é a falta do cumprimento do documento do Protectorado Lunda-Tchokwes por parte do Governo do MPLA, o que tem levado os povos do Leste de Angola a se manifestarem pacificamente contra a atitude anti-democrática e autoritária do Governo JES. Todo mundo sabe da existência deste documento, (o Protectorado Lunda-Tchokwe). Portanto, a permanência até agora dos membros da CMJSPLT na cadeia viola a Nova Constituição da República. Segundo o Artigo 47º, ponto 1 desta Constituição “É garantida a todos os cidadãos a liberdade de reunião e de manifestação pacífica e sem armas, sem necessidade de qualquer autorização e nos termos da lei”. E no Artigo 40º, ponto 1 desta mesma Constituição expressa que “Todos têm o direito de exprimir, divulgar e compartilhar livremente os seus pensamentos, as suas ideias e opiniões, pela palavra, imagem ou qualquer outro meio, bem como o direito e a liberdade de informar, de se informar e de ser informado, sem impedimentos nem discriminações”. Infelizmente, é desta forma que o nosso país vem sendo governado com autoritarismo e ditadura, falta liberdade de expressão e de manifestação. Antes de finalizar, a minha pergunta é: quem está a violar as leis do país é o CMJSPLT que luta por uma causa justa, respeitando a Constituição de Angola ou o Governo do MPLA que sempre nunca cumpriu com os seus deveres e obrigações, e vive violando as leis do país? Devido a esta atitude que violam os princípios democráticos, o povo angolano e a Comunidade Internacional exorta o Regime do MPLA a fim de libertar os 37 Ativistas Políticos da CMJSPLT que se encontram presos desde 2007, nas cadeias de Angola. Pois, esta acção do Governo Angolano, só vai é perpetuar este povo a coragem de lutar pacificamente até o alcance do seu objectivo, atráves de instrumentos internacionalmente aceites. Por isso, apelo a todos os povos do Leste de Angola a se juntarem a fim de manifestar contra o governo do MPLA e JES em prol da vossa independência administrativa e financeira. A luta continua, a independência é certa.

Publicado aqui


Texto anexo a este post, 'respigado' hoje a proposito desta materia.




O CASO DO PROTECTORADO DOS LUNDA-TCHOKWES. Os Lundas-Tchokwe desde 2007, vêm reivindicando a autodeterminação do seu território que abrange Lunda-Norte, Lunda-Sul, Moxico e Kuando-Kubango. Neste vai vem o Governo do MPLA prendeu cerca de 37 membros que fazem parte da Comissão do Manifesto Jurídico Sociológico do Protectorado da Lunda Tchokwe (CMJSPLT), tendo os mesmos acusados de crime contra segurança do Estado, por ter apresentado no dia 3 de Agosto de 2007, um Manifesto de Reivindicação da Autonomia Administrativa e Financeira efectiva da Lunda pelo facto de serem Independentes desde 24 de Março de 1894 e por força jurídica dos tratados de Protectorado de 1885-1887 celebrados entre Portugal e os Soberanos Lunda Tchokwes e Portugal ter produzido a Lei nº 8904/1955. Angola Independente, não justificou a razão da presença dele na Lunda desde 1975. Por falta da vontade politica do Governo Angolano, a única saida foi acusar a CMJSPL de estar a cometer crimes que lesa com a segurança do Estado ou de criação de algum exercito paralelo, depois de terem passado mais de 24 meses da vigência do Manifesto Reivindicativo e a sua publicação. Na realidade não existe nenhum crime contra a segurança do Estado Angolano, o que existe é a falta do cumprimento do documento do Protectorado Lunda-Tchokwes por parte do Governo do MPLA, o que tem levado os povos do Leste de Angola a se manifestarem pacificamente contra a atitude anti-democrática e autoritária do Governo JES. Todo mundo sabe da existência deste documento, (o Protectorado Lunda-Tchokwe). Portanto, a permanência até agora dos membros da CMJSPLT na cadeia viola a Nova Constituição da República. Segundo o Artigo 47º, ponto 1 desta Constituição “É garantida a todos os cidadãos a liberdade de reunião e de manifestação pacífica e sem armas, sem necessidade de qualquer autorização e nos termos da lei”. E no Artigo 40º, ponto 1 desta mesma Constituição expressa que “Todos têm o direito de exprimir, divulgar e compartilhar livremente os seus pensamentos, as suas ideias e opiniões, pela palavra, imagem ou qualquer outro meio, bem como o direito e a liberdade de informar, de se informar e de ser informado, sem impedimentos nem discriminações”. Infelizmente, é desta forma que o nosso país vem sendo governado com autoritarismo e ditadura, falta liberdade de expressão e de manifestação. Antes de finalizar, a minha pergunta é: quem está a violar as leis do país é o CMJSPLT que luta por uma causa justa, respeitando a Constituição de Angola ou o Governo do MPLA que sempre nunca cumpriu com os seus deveres e obrigações, e vive violando as leis do país? Devido a esta atitude que violam os princípios democráticos, o povo angolano e a Comunidade Internacional exorta o Regime do MPLA a fim de libertar os 37 Ativistas Políticos da CMJSPLT que se encontram presos desde 2007, nas cadeias de Angola. Pois, esta acção do Governo Angolano, só vai é perpetuar este povo a coragem de lutar pacificamente até o alcance do seu objectivo, atráves de instrumentos internacionalmente aceites. Por isso, apelo a todos os povos do Leste de Angola a se juntarem a fim de manifestar contra o governo do MPLA e JES em prol da vossa independência administrativa e financeira. A luta continua, a independência é certa.

Publicado aqui


Texto anexo a este post, 'respigado' hoje a proposito desta materia.

Tuesday, 14 December 2010

E por falar em "representacoes"...



OTHER VIEWS: ART HISTORY IN (SOUTH) AFRICA AND THE GLOBAL SOUTH



SAVAH, the South African Visual Arts Historians, in association with the International Committee of the History of Art (CIHA), addresses in this colloquium concerns about the unequal distribution of resources around the globe and challenges from postcolonial societies to the older methods and concepts of Western art history. These challenges have relevance in South Africa, Africa and the Global South, which in this context is a cultural construct rather than a geographic term. It refers to communities and artistic production, throughout history and across nations, which, within the dominant narratives of Western art, have been ignored, marginalised, displaced and appropriated. The aim is to shift the centre of discourse and challenge received systems of thought, which are still largely positioned within Western-centred logic. The desired outcome is to complicate the history of art and the relationship between histories in the Global South and the ‘North’ or ‘West’.




The programme includes, among others, the following themes:

How might the history of art in an African context challenge the Western art canon? If so, in what way(s) is art in an African context constituted as both regional and contemporary? What is its relation to global art practice at large?

Reality Exploited: Neo-colonial Problems in Contemporary Art

Who Is Entitled to Tell the Black Artist’s Story?

‘Regardless, the Struggle Continues’: Black Consciousness is a Culture of Resistance

Blackness as a Model: Towards a New Art History

Categories of the ‘Other’

White South African Discourse and the Invention of the Modern African Primitive

Art As an Act of Decolonisation: Perspectives From and On the Global South

‘Art Africanism’, ‘Ethnic Marketing’ and ’Artistic Fakes’ in the Contemporary Arts of Africa and the Diaspora

Africa, Africanness, and Their Representation in the Contemporary Mega Exhibition

Modernist Primitivism and Indigenous Modernisms: Transnational Discourse and Local Art Histories

Memory, Creativity and First Voice: Heritage Domains and Subaltern Discourse

Conflicts in the Making of Global Contemporary Art

Functionality and Social Modernism in the Work of Untrained South African Artists

Modernist Primitivism and Modern Art in Early Post-Independence Senegal

South African Beadwork – Craft, Art, Recycling, Bricolage? Reflections on the Problem of the Conceptual Appropriation of the Art of the Global South

Renegotiating Race and Nationality: Commercial and Press-Photography in Post-Independent Mozambique, 1975-1986

Millennium Base and New Ways of Expressing in the Modern Bantu Art

The Oppression of Blacks in South Africa is to Blame for the Inequalities that Face the Art Discourses Today

Fact and Fantasy – a Life beyond the Fact: Women’s Occupational Dress and the Influence of Identity

International Esteem through Local Significance

A New Generation of Utopia: Young Artists’ Careers in the Context of the Trienal de Luanda

Contesting Imperial Narratives and Display of African Art: A Counter History from Nigeria



[More details here]


POSTS RELACIONADOS:

Festival Mondial des Arts Negres

Representations



OTHER VIEWS: ART HISTORY IN (SOUTH) AFRICA AND THE GLOBAL SOUTH



SAVAH, the South African Visual Arts Historians, in association with the International Committee of the History of Art (CIHA), addresses in this colloquium concerns about the unequal distribution of resources around the globe and challenges from postcolonial societies to the older methods and concepts of Western art history. These challenges have relevance in South Africa, Africa and the Global South, which in this context is a cultural construct rather than a geographic term. It refers to communities and artistic production, throughout history and across nations, which, within the dominant narratives of Western art, have been ignored, marginalised, displaced and appropriated. The aim is to shift the centre of discourse and challenge received systems of thought, which are still largely positioned within Western-centred logic. The desired outcome is to complicate the history of art and the relationship between histories in the Global South and the ‘North’ or ‘West’.




The programme includes, among others, the following themes:

How might the history of art in an African context challenge the Western art canon? If so, in what way(s) is art in an African context constituted as both regional and contemporary? What is its relation to global art practice at large?

Reality Exploited: Neo-colonial Problems in Contemporary Art

Who Is Entitled to Tell the Black Artist’s Story?

‘Regardless, the Struggle Continues’: Black Consciousness is a Culture of Resistance

Blackness as a Model: Towards a New Art History

Categories of the ‘Other’

White South African Discourse and the Invention of the Modern African Primitive

Art As an Act of Decolonisation: Perspectives From and On the Global South

‘Art Africanism’, ‘Ethnic Marketing’ and ’Artistic Fakes’ in the Contemporary Arts of Africa and the Diaspora

Africa, Africanness, and Their Representation in the Contemporary Mega Exhibition

Modernist Primitivism and Indigenous Modernisms: Transnational Discourse and Local Art Histories

Memory, Creativity and First Voice: Heritage Domains and Subaltern Discourse

Conflicts in the Making of Global Contemporary Art

Functionality and Social Modernism in the Work of Untrained South African Artists

Modernist Primitivism and Modern Art in Early Post-Independence Senegal

South African Beadwork – Craft, Art, Recycling, Bricolage? Reflections on the Problem of the Conceptual Appropriation of the Art of the Global South

Renegotiating Race and Nationality: Commercial and Press-Photography in Post-Independent Mozambique, 1975-1986

Millennium Base and New Ways of Expressing in the Modern Bantu Art

The Oppression of Blacks in South Africa is to Blame for the Inequalities that Face the Art Discourses Today

Fact and Fantasy – a Life beyond the Fact: Women’s Occupational Dress and the Influence of Identity

International Esteem through Local Significance

A New Generation of Utopia: Young Artists’ Careers in the Context of the Trienal de Luanda

Contesting Imperial Narratives and Display of African Art: A Counter History from Nigeria



[More details here]


POSTS RELACIONADOS:

Festival Mondial des Arts Negres

Representations

Thursday, 2 September 2010

SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR IN AFRICA: ISSUES OF AFRICAN FEMINIST THOUGHT

It is one thing to honour de Beauvoir for her brave and pioneering work in 1949. It is quite another to exalt her as a model thinker and source of inspiration now, fifty years later, when so much has happened in the world and in the field of feminist thought, including the rich influx of non-Western feminist thinking.


In a recent interview, Toril Moi, a distinguished figure in the contemporary re-launching of Simone de Beauvoir, confirms that there are two major ideas in de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex. One idea is that “one is not born, but rather becomes, a woman.’ The other is that “in all known societies, woman has always been looked upon as the other” (Wenche Larsen 2000: 82). This paper sets out to question and investigate the second statement. Is it really so that in all known societies woman is and has always been looked upon as the other, the second sex? Looked upon – by whom? Does it have to be so forever? That “woman = the second sex” is a firmly grounded idea in the Western world is not up for discussion. But what about other parts of the world? What about Africa?

The point of the discussion is not empirical.[*] The point is not to show whether places do exist where this a priori othering of women does not occur. The point is to open the mind to different ways of thinking about gender, and for different ways of analyzing gender relations. Freeing ourselves from old mindsets will allow us to envision new kinds of gender relations as we look toward the future – both the future of Africa and the future of ourselves as Western (men and) women.

Post-Enlightenment (i.e. modern) thinkers have described women’s position in all ages and in all places according to their own androcentric models, models which subordinate women. In this way, concepts rooted in the time and space of the thinker him/herself have been universalized. At the moment, both in Western feminist thought and in Western feminist politics, the idea that women are the second sex and that they are universally subordinated is very strong indeed.

The argument in this paper is not that subordination of women does not take place. Of course it does, and increasingly so, and clearly, subordination and oppression of women should be fought against. The argument concerns lines of thinking and analysis: how and from which vantage points, in what kinds of theoretical/conceptual contexts, are women’s lives conceived and conceptualized? And what consequences do they have for strategy and politics?

[...]

The Female Body a Handicap

However much de Beauvoir is quoted for her opening sentence to book 2 of The Second Sex: “One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman,” her work is in contradiction with itself on exactly this issue. On one hand she believes – and shows – how the conditions of women are socially determined. When women are squeezed, torn, and suffering, it is not because of menstruation and menopause, but because of the ways that society deals with womanhood. This is her official and conscious position:

I am convinced that the greater part of the discomforts and maladies that overburden women are due to psychic causes, as gynaecologists, indeed, have told me. Women are constantly harassed to the limit of their strength because of the moral tension I have referred to, because of all the tasks they assume, because of the contradictions among which they struggle. This does not mean that their ills are imaginary: they are as real and destructive as the situation to which they give expression. But the situation does not depend on the body; the reverse is true.” (SdB 1949/1997: 706)

On the other hand there is her whole attitude to and description of the female body. Its capacity for pregnancy, childbirth, and lactation is never seen as a positive potential, as a source of pleasure or pride, but only and always as a curse, a drag, and a burden. Toril Moi (whose reading of The Second Sex at this point corresponds to my own) gives a poignant summary:

For Beauvoir women are the slaves of the species. Every biological process in the female body is a ‘crisis’ or a ‘trial’, and the result is always alienation. Her list of troubles and pains experienced during menstruation is impressive, to say the least, ranging from high blood pressure, impaired hearing and eyesight to unpleasant smells, destabilization of the central nervous system, abdominal pains, constipation and diarrhoea (Second Sex 61). But the discomfort of menstruation pales in comparison to the horrors of gestation. [...] Pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding all undermine the women’s health and even put her life at risk: “Childbirth itself is painful and dangerous [...] Nursing is also an exhausting obligation [servitude]; [...] the nursing mother feeds the newborn at the expense of her own strength” (Second Sex 62-63). (Moi 1994: 165)

The fact of the female enslavement to the species is a recurrent theme, especially of the first part of The Second Sex. The human male is free to create and transcend, whereas the female feels her enslavement more and more keenly, the conflict between her own interest and the reproductive forces is heightened. Parturition in cows and mares is much more painful and dangerous than it is in mice and rabbits [...] The woman is adapted to the needs of the egg rather than to her own requirements. From puberty to menopause woman is the theatre of a play that unfolds within her and in which she is not personally concerned. (SdB 1949/1997: 57, 60)

The idea conveyed here is “woman against her body”; from these descriptions it is abundantly clear that for women and their urge for transcendence the female body is a handicap. Obviously de Beauvoir cannot subscribe to Freud’s idea that “anatomy is destiny.” Thus she tries to convince herself that women’s situation does not depend on the body, and that the reverse is true — as indicated in the quote above. There is a shadow of doubt, however, as in the same context she confesses that “it is difficult to determine to what extent woman’s physical constitution handicaps her” (SdB 1949/1997: 706).

In my reading, de Beauvoir is insincere at this point. In her entire analysis, the female body remains a handicap which can only be overcome by minimizing it, which (fortunately) is increasingly possible thanks to (a) industrial development and suitable wage work opportunities for women, supplemented with child care facilities, and (b) contraceptives and other types of reproductive technology. If the contemporary possibilities of in vitro fertilization had been available, or even imaginable, in her time, I am sure that de Beauvoir would have embraced them as further steps on the road to female freedom. It is all contained within the logic of the female body as a handicap.

Regarding this model of female emancipation, socialism and liberalism by and large agree, as do large parts of the women’s movement that the notion that the female body is a handicap as persistent and pervasive as the idea of woman as the other. This idea is based of course on the assumption that the model body is male. But what if it isn’t? I assert, as do others with me, that it is time for feminist thought to overcome the phallocentric as well as the ethnocentric biases in this line of thinking.

[Extracts from a paper by Signe Arnfred]



[*] Yet, for some 'empirical evidence' on these issues, see, for example:


Poder no Feminino

The Great Wall of Feminism

Ciclos

Relendo Samora Pelo Pincel de Naguib (II)

SA (R.I.P.)?

A Menina que Nasceu em Cima da Arvore

Mais Uma Vez Revisitando Questoes de Genero

And...

"Porque que Todo o Mundo?"..., onde se pode ler: Ou, apenas, por "nao terem nascido mulheres", estarem agora, na terceira idade do 'segundo sexo', a tentar "fazer-se mulheres"?

Mulheres de Domingo, onde se pode ler:

(...) Onde andavam certas mulheres, quando... ou quando me lancei por minha conta e risco em busca do entendimento possivel das almas de Sylvia Plath, Virginia Woolf, Marguerite Yourcenar, Elsa Triolet ou Simone de Beauvoir… Ou ainda, quando, depois de todos os desencantos, descobri Noemia de Sousa, Maya Angelou, Julianne Malveaux, Alice Walker, Toni Morrison, Bessie Head ou Wangari Mathaai? (...)
It is one thing to honour de Beauvoir for her brave and pioneering work in 1949. It is quite another to exalt her as a model thinker and source of inspiration now, fifty years later, when so much has happened in the world and in the field of feminist thought, including the rich influx of non-Western feminist thinking.


In a recent interview, Toril Moi, a distinguished figure in the contemporary re-launching of Simone de Beauvoir, confirms that there are two major ideas in de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex. One idea is that “one is not born, but rather becomes, a woman.’ The other is that “in all known societies, woman has always been looked upon as the other” (Wenche Larsen 2000: 82). This paper sets out to question and investigate the second statement. Is it really so that in all known societies woman is and has always been looked upon as the other, the second sex? Looked upon – by whom? Does it have to be so forever? That “woman = the second sex” is a firmly grounded idea in the Western world is not up for discussion. But what about other parts of the world? What about Africa?

The point of the discussion is not empirical.[*] The point is not to show whether places do exist where this a priori othering of women does not occur. The point is to open the mind to different ways of thinking about gender, and for different ways of analyzing gender relations. Freeing ourselves from old mindsets will allow us to envision new kinds of gender relations as we look toward the future – both the future of Africa and the future of ourselves as Western (men and) women.

Post-Enlightenment (i.e. modern) thinkers have described women’s position in all ages and in all places according to their own androcentric models, models which subordinate women. In this way, concepts rooted in the time and space of the thinker him/herself have been universalized. At the moment, both in Western feminist thought and in Western feminist politics, the idea that women are the second sex and that they are universally subordinated is very strong indeed.

The argument in this paper is not that subordination of women does not take place. Of course it does, and increasingly so, and clearly, subordination and oppression of women should be fought against. The argument concerns lines of thinking and analysis: how and from which vantage points, in what kinds of theoretical/conceptual contexts, are women’s lives conceived and conceptualized? And what consequences do they have for strategy and politics?

[...]

The Female Body a Handicap

However much de Beauvoir is quoted for her opening sentence to book 2 of The Second Sex: “One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman,” her work is in contradiction with itself on exactly this issue. On one hand she believes – and shows – how the conditions of women are socially determined. When women are squeezed, torn, and suffering, it is not because of menstruation and menopause, but because of the ways that society deals with womanhood. This is her official and conscious position:

I am convinced that the greater part of the discomforts and maladies that overburden women are due to psychic causes, as gynaecologists, indeed, have told me. Women are constantly harassed to the limit of their strength because of the moral tension I have referred to, because of all the tasks they assume, because of the contradictions among which they struggle. This does not mean that their ills are imaginary: they are as real and destructive as the situation to which they give expression. But the situation does not depend on the body; the reverse is true.” (SdB 1949/1997: 706)

On the other hand there is her whole attitude to and description of the female body. Its capacity for pregnancy, childbirth, and lactation is never seen as a positive potential, as a source of pleasure or pride, but only and always as a curse, a drag, and a burden. Toril Moi (whose reading of The Second Sex at this point corresponds to my own) gives a poignant summary:

For Beauvoir women are the slaves of the species. Every biological process in the female body is a ‘crisis’ or a ‘trial’, and the result is always alienation. Her list of troubles and pains experienced during menstruation is impressive, to say the least, ranging from high blood pressure, impaired hearing and eyesight to unpleasant smells, destabilization of the central nervous system, abdominal pains, constipation and diarrhoea (Second Sex 61). But the discomfort of menstruation pales in comparison to the horrors of gestation. [...] Pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding all undermine the women’s health and even put her life at risk: “Childbirth itself is painful and dangerous [...] Nursing is also an exhausting obligation [servitude]; [...] the nursing mother feeds the newborn at the expense of her own strength” (Second Sex 62-63). (Moi 1994: 165)

The fact of the female enslavement to the species is a recurrent theme, especially of the first part of The Second Sex. The human male is free to create and transcend, whereas the female feels her enslavement more and more keenly, the conflict between her own interest and the reproductive forces is heightened. Parturition in cows and mares is much more painful and dangerous than it is in mice and rabbits [...] The woman is adapted to the needs of the egg rather than to her own requirements. From puberty to menopause woman is the theatre of a play that unfolds within her and in which she is not personally concerned. (SdB 1949/1997: 57, 60)

The idea conveyed here is “woman against her body”; from these descriptions it is abundantly clear that for women and their urge for transcendence the female body is a handicap. Obviously de Beauvoir cannot subscribe to Freud’s idea that “anatomy is destiny.” Thus she tries to convince herself that women’s situation does not depend on the body, and that the reverse is true — as indicated in the quote above. There is a shadow of doubt, however, as in the same context she confesses that “it is difficult to determine to what extent woman’s physical constitution handicaps her” (SdB 1949/1997: 706).

In my reading, de Beauvoir is insincere at this point. In her entire analysis, the female body remains a handicap which can only be overcome by minimizing it, which (fortunately) is increasingly possible thanks to (a) industrial development and suitable wage work opportunities for women, supplemented with child care facilities, and (b) contraceptives and other types of reproductive technology. If the contemporary possibilities of in vitro fertilization had been available, or even imaginable, in her time, I am sure that de Beauvoir would have embraced them as further steps on the road to female freedom. It is all contained within the logic of the female body as a handicap.

Regarding this model of female emancipation, socialism and liberalism by and large agree, as do large parts of the women’s movement that the notion that the female body is a handicap as persistent and pervasive as the idea of woman as the other. This idea is based of course on the assumption that the model body is male. But what if it isn’t? I assert, as do others with me, that it is time for feminist thought to overcome the phallocentric as well as the ethnocentric biases in this line of thinking.

[Extracts from a paper by Signe Arnfred]



[*] Yet, for some 'empirical evidence' on these issues, see, for example:


Poder no Feminino

The Great Wall of Feminism

Ciclos

Relendo Samora Pelo Pincel de Naguib (II)

SA (R.I.P.)?

A Menina que Nasceu em Cima da Arvore

Mais Uma Vez Revisitando Questoes de Genero

And...

"Porque que Todo o Mundo?"..., onde se pode ler: Ou, apenas, por "nao terem nascido mulheres", estarem agora, na terceira idade do 'segundo sexo', a tentar "fazer-se mulheres"?

Mulheres de Domingo, onde se pode ler:

(...) Onde andavam certas mulheres, quando... ou quando me lancei por minha conta e risco em busca do entendimento possivel das almas de Sylvia Plath, Virginia Woolf, Marguerite Yourcenar, Elsa Triolet ou Simone de Beauvoir… Ou ainda, quando, depois de todos os desencantos, descobri Noemia de Sousa, Maya Angelou, Julianne Malveaux, Alice Walker, Toni Morrison, Bessie Head ou Wangari Mathaai? (...)

Friday, 27 August 2010

Mocambique: Relendo Samora pelo pincel de Naguib (II) [Updated]






Quando camaradas solteiras ficam gravidas, consideramos isso um escandalo. O
verdadeiro escandalo e’ o nao termos sabido educar essas camaradas, nao lhes ter
feito assumir o verdadeiro sentido do amor e como a propria relacao sexual se
integra dentro do amor e dentro da vida.

Samora Machel




Decidi dedicar um post separado a essa (infeliz) tirada de Samora Machel, incluida no catalogo desta exposicao de Naguib, por um lado, porque ela destaca-se por si propria das outras, geralmente bem mais pacificas e ponderadas, citacoes nela pintadas e, por outro lado, porque se relaciona e enquadra em algumas das discussoes que, sobretudo nos ultimos tempos (e.g. aqui), a este blog me tenho visto forcada a trazer.

Porque infeliz? Porque, de facto, nao me lembro de alguma vez ter lido algo que retrate de forma tao flagrante algumas das contradicoes e perversoes de um certo discurso dito “socialista revolucionario de esquerda”… Dir-se-ia que Samora estava a falar de uma sociedade algures numa ilha paradisiaca, totalmente “abencoada por Deus”, onde o “casamento” e’ uma instituicao culturalmente endogena e dominante, onde nao se contempla a possibilidade de gravidezes involuntarias e onde os "camaradas homens" (solteiros ou casados) sao todos uns “principes perfeitos” ou “santos”!...

Mas a realidade, e ela nao e’ exclusiva da sociedade mocambicana, e’ que a instituicao “casamento” (e da citacao pode inferir-se que Samora se estaria a referir ao casamento oficial, monogamico e, possivelmente, ate’ mesmo religioso) e’ culturalmente exogena a maior parte das, senao a todas as, sociedades africanas: ele foi “trazido” pela colonizacao e manteve-se quase totalmente confinado aos segmentos populacionais (minoritarios) assimilados as culturas e religioes europeias.

Juntamente com o casamento (oficial e/ou religioso) monogamico, os europeus levaram tambem o patriarcado, com o homem como 'chefe de familia', como estrutura familiar dominante, e embora este nao fosse exogeno as sociedades africanas, nunca foi dominante em todas elas. De facto, o matriarcado e as linhagens matrilineares eram e, em grande medida, continuam a ser, dominantes em varias sociedades africanas, onde as mulheres, em particular no que toca a sua sexualidade e direitos reprodutivos, teem um estatuto completamente distinto daquele que lhes e' reservado nas sociedades patriarcais e patrilineares.[*]

Como, entao, compreender-se que um tal discurso tenha sido proferido por um lider revolucionario africano, num pais em "transformacao revolucionaria" para a "criacao do homem novo", em "combate contra a alienacao, aculturacao e obscurantismo promovidos pela religiao", em “recuperacao das suas raizes culturais” e em "resgate dos seus principios e valores morais" (e aqui ressalvo o facto de a citacao nao estar datada, tal como nao o estao as outras citacoes constantes do catalogo, pelo que nao sei se a tera’ proferido ja’ no pos-independencia, ou se ainda durante a guerrilha anti-colonial)? Pessoalmente, so’ o posso entender como uma perversao da ideologia socialista (comunista?) revolucionaria dita de esquerda… [**]


Josina Machel por Malangatana


De facto, em minha opiniao, apenas uma tal perversao pode explicar que a mesma ideologia que via o casamento como uma instituicao "burguesa", que professa(va?) a “emancipacao da mulher”, que a aceitava como “companheira de luta”, incluindo de armas na mao, qualquer que fosse a sua idade (!) - veja-se aqui a biografia da primeira esposa de Samora, Josina Machel, retratada acima por Malangatana e na foto abaixo, a direita - que a incentiva(va?) a tomar as redeas do seu proprio corpo e do seu proprio destino, a tomar as suas proprias decisoes de vida e a assumir a responsabilidade e as consequencias dos seus proprios actos, nao contemple a possibilidade de que essa mesma mulher possa ser “mae solteira” por decisao propria; ou que se tenha encontrado nessa condicao em resultado de uma desilusao amorosa posterior ao seu engravidamento; ou que possa ter engravidado em resultado de uma violacao… Em qualquer dos casos, a assumpcao plena de uma gravidez e’ (deve ser) sempre uma responsabilidade partilhada – e esta nao e’ estritamente uma questao do foro ideologico (e nem sequer do “politicamente correcto”) ou religioso: e’ uma questao dos foros humanistico e etico-moral!


Josina Machel (a direita)


No entanto, em nenhum momento Samora se refere ao "camarada homem" (casado ou solteiro) que engravidou a “camarada solteira”… E o que afirma e’ duplamente perverso: por um lado, assume o preconceito, a culpabilizacao exclusiva e a estigmatizacao social da “mae solteira” como um dado adquirido (“consideramos isso um escandalo”); por outro lado, sugere que o “assumir o verdadeiro sentido do amor e como a propria relacao sexual se integra dentro do amor e dentro da vida”[***] e’ um dado adquirido no que ao "camarada homem" diz respeito e que apenas a "camarada mulher" (... qual Eva-serpente-jezebel(a) “corruptora” de Adao no paraiso ...) precisa de “ser educada” naquele sentido… para “nao provocar escandalo”!

Mas, talvez mais perturbador do que tudo isso e' a implicacao de que aquela "camarada solteira" nao possa ter entre os seus valores, desde muito cedo na vida, o principio de que a sua auto-estima, dignificacao e valorizacao como MULHER e como SER HUMANO nao estao, nunca estiveram, nem podem estar, em nenhuma circunstancia, exclusivamente dependentes de uma alianca no seu anelar; que a sua postura perante a VIDA nao e', nao pode ser, definida e interpretada exclusivamente pela sua sexualidade - certamente nao por 'definicoes' e 'interpretacoes' dessa sexualidade confabuladas e maliciosa e torpemente forjadas pela vil devassa de terceiros e, sobretudo, terceiras, frustrado/as e recalcados em relacao a sua propria sexualidade e a sua propria vida; ou que uma gravidez fora do casamento, ou que nao resulte em casamento, nao possa ter sido resultado de um acto de Amor... [****] entre "ambos os camaradas", homem e mulher, envolvidos!

Enfim… simplesmente (dupla... triplamente) triste e lamentavel!

(Contudo, Paz a Sua Alma)



*[A legalizacao em 2005, em Mocambique, da (existente) poligamia, bem como a eliminacao do estatuto de facto do homem como 'chefe de familia', como aqui se pode constatar, e' disso apenas a (tardia?) confirmacao oficial...]


**[Infelizmente, Samora nao estava sozinho nesse tipo de postura: era, pelo menos em parte, a ela que me referia aqui, quando falava em determinados grupos de "um radicalismo (embora raramente assumido abertamente) dito “de esquerda” em termos politico-ideologicos e de ideais economicos, associado a um conservadorismo marcadamente “de direita” em termos socio-culturais"; e' tambem ela que se esconde, com o rabo de fora, por detras de certos discursos ditos "feministas de esquerda" disseminados por certas hipocritas 'donas' puritanas recalcadas, frustradas, deprimidas, depressivas e deprimentes, rejeitadas e cheias de ressaibos, inveja e ciumes, que nao nasceram mulheres, aparentemente afectas aos mesmos grupos acabados de referir, como a(s) de que aqui se fala...]


***[Para mim o significado de “assumir o verdadeiro sentido do amor e como a propria relacao sexual se integra dentro do amor e dentro da vida” pode ser encontrado, por exemplo, aqui]


****[Note-se como, curiosamente, em Ingles, uma crianca nascida fora do casamento e' designada "Love Child", i.e. "Filho/a do Amor"]





Quando camaradas solteiras ficam gravidas, consideramos isso um escandalo. O
verdadeiro escandalo e’ o nao termos sabido educar essas camaradas, nao lhes ter
feito assumir o verdadeiro sentido do amor e como a propria relacao sexual se
integra dentro do amor e dentro da vida.

Samora Machel




Decidi dedicar um post separado a essa (infeliz) tirada de Samora Machel, incluida no catalogo desta exposicao de Naguib, por um lado, porque ela destaca-se por si propria das outras, geralmente bem mais pacificas e ponderadas, citacoes nela pintadas e, por outro lado, porque se relaciona e enquadra em algumas das discussoes que, sobretudo nos ultimos tempos (e.g. aqui), a este blog me tenho visto forcada a trazer.

Porque infeliz? Porque, de facto, nao me lembro de alguma vez ter lido algo que retrate de forma tao flagrante algumas das contradicoes e perversoes de um certo discurso dito “socialista revolucionario de esquerda”… Dir-se-ia que Samora estava a falar de uma sociedade algures numa ilha paradisiaca, totalmente “abencoada por Deus”, onde o “casamento” e’ uma instituicao culturalmente endogena e dominante, onde nao se contempla a possibilidade de gravidezes involuntarias e onde os "camaradas homens" (solteiros ou casados) sao todos uns “principes perfeitos” ou “santos”!...

Mas a realidade, e ela nao e’ exclusiva da sociedade mocambicana, e’ que a instituicao “casamento” (e da citacao pode inferir-se que Samora se estaria a referir ao casamento oficial, monogamico e, possivelmente, ate’ mesmo religioso) e’ culturalmente exogena a maior parte das, senao a todas as, sociedades africanas: ele foi “trazido” pela colonizacao e manteve-se quase totalmente confinado aos segmentos populacionais (minoritarios) assimilados as culturas e religioes europeias.

Juntamente com o casamento (oficial e/ou religioso) monogamico, os europeus levaram tambem o patriarcado, com o homem como 'chefe de familia', como estrutura familiar dominante, e embora este nao fosse exogeno as sociedades africanas, nunca foi dominante em todas elas. De facto, o matriarcado e as linhagens matrilineares eram e, em grande medida, continuam a ser, dominantes em varias sociedades africanas, onde as mulheres, em particular no que toca a sua sexualidade e direitos reprodutivos, teem um estatuto completamente distinto daquele que lhes e' reservado nas sociedades patriarcais e patrilineares.[*]

Como, entao, compreender-se que um tal discurso tenha sido proferido por um lider revolucionario africano, num pais em "transformacao revolucionaria" para a "criacao do homem novo", em "combate contra a alienacao, aculturacao e obscurantismo promovidos pela religiao", em “recuperacao das suas raizes culturais” e em "resgate dos seus principios e valores morais" (e aqui ressalvo o facto de a citacao nao estar datada, tal como nao o estao as outras citacoes constantes do catalogo, pelo que nao sei se a tera’ proferido ja’ no pos-independencia, ou se ainda durante a guerrilha anti-colonial)? Pessoalmente, so’ o posso entender como uma perversao da ideologia socialista (comunista?) revolucionaria dita de esquerda… [**]


Josina Machel por Malangatana


De facto, em minha opiniao, apenas uma tal perversao pode explicar que a mesma ideologia que via o casamento como uma instituicao "burguesa", que professa(va?) a “emancipacao da mulher”, que a aceitava como “companheira de luta”, incluindo de armas na mao, qualquer que fosse a sua idade (!) - veja-se aqui a biografia da primeira esposa de Samora, Josina Machel, retratada acima por Malangatana e na foto abaixo, a direita - que a incentiva(va?) a tomar as redeas do seu proprio corpo e do seu proprio destino, a tomar as suas proprias decisoes de vida e a assumir a responsabilidade e as consequencias dos seus proprios actos, nao contemple a possibilidade de que essa mesma mulher possa ser “mae solteira” por decisao propria; ou que se tenha encontrado nessa condicao em resultado de uma desilusao amorosa posterior ao seu engravidamento; ou que possa ter engravidado em resultado de uma violacao… Em qualquer dos casos, a assumpcao plena de uma gravidez e’ (deve ser) sempre uma responsabilidade partilhada – e esta nao e’ estritamente uma questao do foro ideologico (e nem sequer do “politicamente correcto”) ou religioso: e’ uma questao dos foros humanistico e etico-moral!


Josina Machel (a direita)


No entanto, em nenhum momento Samora se refere ao "camarada homem" (casado ou solteiro) que engravidou a “camarada solteira”… E o que afirma e’ duplamente perverso: por um lado, assume o preconceito, a culpabilizacao exclusiva e a estigmatizacao social da “mae solteira” como um dado adquirido (“consideramos isso um escandalo”); por outro lado, sugere que o “assumir o verdadeiro sentido do amor e como a propria relacao sexual se integra dentro do amor e dentro da vida”[***] e’ um dado adquirido no que ao "camarada homem" diz respeito e que apenas a "camarada mulher" (... qual Eva-serpente-jezebel(a) “corruptora” de Adao no paraiso ...) precisa de “ser educada” naquele sentido… para “nao provocar escandalo”!

Mas, talvez mais perturbador do que tudo isso e' a implicacao de que aquela "camarada solteira" nao possa ter entre os seus valores, desde muito cedo na vida, o principio de que a sua auto-estima, dignificacao e valorizacao como MULHER e como SER HUMANO nao estao, nunca estiveram, nem podem estar, em nenhuma circunstancia, exclusivamente dependentes de uma alianca no seu anelar; que a sua postura perante a VIDA nao e', nao pode ser, definida e interpretada exclusivamente pela sua sexualidade - certamente nao por 'definicoes' e 'interpretacoes' dessa sexualidade confabuladas e maliciosa e torpemente forjadas pela vil devassa de terceiros e, sobretudo, terceiras, frustrado/as e recalcados em relacao a sua propria sexualidade e a sua propria vida; ou que uma gravidez fora do casamento, ou que nao resulte em casamento, nao possa ter sido resultado de um acto de Amor... [****] entre "ambos os camaradas", homem e mulher, envolvidos!

Enfim… simplesmente (dupla... triplamente) triste e lamentavel!

(Contudo, Paz a Sua Alma)



*[A legalizacao em 2005, em Mocambique, da (existente) poligamia, bem como a eliminacao do estatuto de facto do homem como 'chefe de familia', como aqui se pode constatar, e' disso apenas a (tardia?) confirmacao oficial...]


**[Infelizmente, Samora nao estava sozinho nesse tipo de postura: era, pelo menos em parte, a ela que me referia aqui, quando falava em determinados grupos de "um radicalismo (embora raramente assumido abertamente) dito “de esquerda” em termos politico-ideologicos e de ideais economicos, associado a um conservadorismo marcadamente “de direita” em termos socio-culturais"; e' tambem ela que se esconde, com o rabo de fora, por detras de certos discursos ditos "feministas de esquerda" disseminados por certas hipocritas 'donas' puritanas recalcadas, frustradas, deprimidas, depressivas e deprimentes, rejeitadas e cheias de ressaibos, inveja e ciumes, que nao nasceram mulheres, aparentemente afectas aos mesmos grupos acabados de referir, como a(s) de que aqui se fala...]


***[Para mim o significado de “assumir o verdadeiro sentido do amor e como a propria relacao sexual se integra dentro do amor e dentro da vida” pode ser encontrado, por exemplo, aqui]


****[Note-se como, curiosamente, em Ingles, uma crianca nascida fora do casamento e' designada "Love Child", i.e. "Filho/a do Amor"]

Monday, 21 June 2010

MARCELO CAETANO REBELO DE SOUSA FERREIRA E SARKOZY… (RECIDIVUS)*

…OU OS 4 MOMENTOS DE UM BELO DISCURSO… OU DE COMO «ISTO ANDA TUDO LIGADO»

1. Antonio de Oliveira Salazar tera’ sido recentemente eleito «O Maior Portugues de Sempre». Supostamente Marcelo Caetano nao lhe teria ficado muito longe na votacao...

2. Lourenco do Rosario afirmou aqui que «Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, esteve recentemente em Moçambique, no âmbito de cooperação académica entre as universidades portuguesas e moçambicanas. Ele escandalizou meio mundo ao, pela primeira vez, assumir a postura muitas vezes pronunciada em surdina de que havia que resgatar o lado bom do colonialismo, fazendo justiça àqueles que, embora servidores do sistema, conseguiram dar-lhe um rosto humano. E chocou, porquê? Na justa medida de que para nós, é um dado adquirido de que o colonialismo é sempre mau para quem o sofreu e é sempre bom para quem dele beneficiou»;

3. Eugenio Ferreira afirmou aqui, parafraseando acidentalmente(?) Salazar, «rapidamente e em forca», que «(…) a escravatura nao foi mais do que um processo geral da humanidade na sua transicao para o capitalismo»...

4. O Presidente Frances, Nicolas Sarkozy, esteve ha’ cerca de 2 meses no Senegal, onde proferiu na Universidade de Dakar este belissimo discurso (que continua ate’ hoje a fazer correr muita tinta), do qual extrai as seguintes perolas:

Il y a eu la traite négrière, il y a eu l'esclavage, les hommes, les femmes, les enfants achetés et vendus comme des marchandises. Et ce crime ne fut pas seulement un crime contre les Africains, ce fut un crime contre l'homme, ce fut un crime contre l'humanité toute entière. Et l'homme noir qui éternellement «entend de la cale monter les malédictions enchaînées, les hoquettements des mourants, le bruit de l'un d'entre eux qu'on jette à la mer». Cet homme noir qui ne peut s'empêcher de se répéter sans fin «Et ce pays cria pendant des siècles que nous sommes des bêtes brutes». Cet homme noir, je veux le dire ici à Dakar, a le visage de tous les hommes du monde.
Cette souffrance de l'homme noir, je ne parle pas de l'homme au sens du sexe, je parle de l'homme au sens de l'être humain et bien sûr de la femme et de l'homme dans son acceptation générale. Cette souffrance de l'homme noir, c'est la souffrance de tous les hommes. Cette blessure ouverte dans l'âme de l'homme noir est une blessure ouverte dans l'âme de tous les hommes. Jeunes d'Afrique, je ne suis pas venu vous parler de repentance. Je suis venu vous dire que je ressens la traite et l'esclavage comme des crimes envers l'humanité. Je suis venu vous dire que votre déchirure et votre souffrance sont les nôtres et sont donc les miennes.
(...)
Mais il est vrai que jadis, les Européens sont venus en Afrique en conquérants. Ils ont pris la terre de vos ancêtres. Ils ont banni les dieux, les langues, les croyances, les coutumes de vos pères. Ils ont dit à vos pères ce qu'ils devaient penser, ce qu'ils devaient croire, ce qu'ils devaient faire. Ils ont coupé vos pères de leur passé, ils leur ont arraché leur âme et leurs racines. Ils ont désenchanté l'Afrique. Ils ont eu tort. Ils n'ont pas vu la profondeur et la richesse de l'âme africaine. Ils ont cru qu'ils étaient supérieurs, qu'ils étaient plus avancés, qu'ils étaient le progrès, qu'ils étaient la civilisation. Ils ont eu tort.
Ils ont voulu convertir l'homme africain, ils ont voulu le façonner à leur image, ils ont cru qu'ils avaient tous les droits, ils ont cru qu'ils étaient tout puissants, plus puissants que les dieux de l'Afrique, plus puissants que l'âme africaine, plus puissants que les liens sacrés que les hommes avaient tissés patiemment pendant des millénaires avec le ciel et la terre d'Afrique, plus puissants que les mystères qui venaient du fond des âges. Ils ont eu tort. Ils ont abîmé un art de vivre. Ils ont abîmé un imaginaire merveilleux. Ils ont abîmé une sagesse ancestrale. Ils ont eu tort.
Ils ont créé une angoisse, un mal de vivre. Ils ont nourri la haine. Ils ont rendu plus difficile l'ouverture aux autres, l'échange, le partage parce que pour s'ouvrir, pour échanger, pour partager, il faut être assuré de son identité, de ses valeurs, de ses convictions. Face au colonisateur, le colonisé avait fini par ne plus avoir confiance en lui, par ne plus savoir qui il était, par se laisser gagner par la peur de l'autre, par la crainte de l'avenir. Le colonisateur est venu, il a pris, il s'est servi, il a exploité, il a pillé des ressources, des richesses qui ne lui appartenaient pas. Il a dépouillé le colonisé de sa personnalité, de sa liberté, de sa terre, du fruit de son travail.
(...)
Je veux vous dire, jeunes d'Afrique, que le drame de l'Afrique n'est pas dans une prétendue infériorité de son art, sa pensée, de sa culture. Car, pour ce qui est de l'art, de la pensée et de la culture, c'est l'Occident qui s'est mis à l'école de l'Afrique. L'art moderne doit presque tout à l'Afrique. L'influence de l'Afrique a contribué à changer non seulement l'idée de la beauté, non seulement le sens du rythme, de la musique, de la danse, mais même dit Senghor, la manière de marcher ou de rire du monde du XXème siècle. Je veux donc dire, à la jeunesse d'Afrique, que le drame de l'Afrique ne vient pas de ce que l'âme africaine serait imperméable à la logique et à la raison. Car l'homme africain est aussi logique et raisonnable que l'homme européen.
C'est en puisant dans l'imaginaire africain que vous ont légué vos ancêtres, c'est en puisant dans les contes, dans les proverbes, dans les mythologies, dans les rites, dans ces formes qui, depuis l'aube des temps, se transmettent et s'enrichissent de génération en génération que vous trouverez l'imagination et la force de vous inventer un avenir qui vous soit propre, un avenir singulier qui ne ressemblera à aucun autre, où vous vous sentirez enfin libres, libres, jeunes d'Afrique d'être vous-mêmes, libres de décider par vous-mêmes.
(...)
Je suis venu vous dire que vous n'avez pas à avoir honte des valeurs de la civilisation africaine, qu'elles ne vous tirent pas vers le bas mais vers le haut, qu'elles sont un antidote au matérialisme et à l'individualisme qui asservissent l'homme moderne, qu'elles sont le plus précieux des héritages face à la déshumanisation et à l'aplatissement du monde. Je suis venu vous dire que l'homme moderne qui éprouve le besoin de se réconcilier avec la nature a beaucoup à apprendre de l'homme africain qui vit en symbiose avec la nature depuis des millénaires. Je suis venu vous dire que cette déchirure entre ces deux parts de vous-mêmes est votre plus grande force, et votre plus grande faiblesse selon que vous vous efforcerez ou non d'en faire la synthèse.
N'écoutez pas jeunes d'Afrique, ceux qui veulent vous déraciner, vous priver de votre identité, faire table rase de tout ce qui est africain, de toute la mystique, la religiosité, la sensibilité, la mentalité africaine, parce que pour échanger il faut avoir quelque chose à donner, parce que pour parler aux autres, il faut avoir quelque chose à leur dire.

(...)

Pergunta: perante tao belo discurso (e digo-o sem qualquer ponta de 'sarkasmo', em face de artigos e pronunciamentos como o de Eugenio Ferreira e outros similares) porque sera’ que varios escritores Africanos, liderados pelo proeminente Historiador do colonialismo Jean-Luc Raharimanana, enderecaram a Sarkozy esta carta aberta (onde se pode ler esta passagem: «Vous avez tort de mettre sur le même pied d’égalité la responsabilité des Africains et les crimes de l’esclavage et de la colonisation, car s’il y avait des complices de notre côté, ils ne sont que les émanations de ces entreprises totalitaires initiées par l’Europe, depuis quand les systèmes totalitaires n’ont-ils pas leurs collaborateurs locaux ? Car oui, l’esclavage et la colonisation sont des systèmes totalitaires, et vous avez tort de tenter de les justifier en évoquant nos responsabilités et ce bon côté de la colonisation.») em tons pouco simpaticos, para dizer o minimo?

Desafio: descubra as 4 semelhancas.


*[First posted 26/09/07]
…OU OS 4 MOMENTOS DE UM BELO DISCURSO… OU DE COMO «ISTO ANDA TUDO LIGADO»

1. Antonio de Oliveira Salazar tera’ sido recentemente eleito «O Maior Portugues de Sempre». Supostamente Marcelo Caetano nao lhe teria ficado muito longe na votacao...

2. Lourenco do Rosario afirmou
aqui que «Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, esteve recentemente em Moçambique, no âmbito de cooperação académica entre as universidades portuguesas e moçambicanas. Ele escandalizou meio mundo ao, pela primeira vez, assumir a postura muitas vezes pronunciada em surdina de que havia que resgatar o lado bom do colonialismo, fazendo justiça àqueles que, embora servidores do sistema, conseguiram dar-lhe um rosto humano. E chocou, porquê? Na justa medida de que para nós, é um dado adquirido de que o colonialismo é sempre mau para quem o sofreu e é sempre bom para quem dele beneficiou»;

3. Eugenio Ferreira afirmou aqui, parafraseando acidentalmente(?) Salazar, «rapidamente e em forca», que «(…) a escravatura nao foi mais do que um processo geral da humanidade na sua transicao para o capitalismo»...

4. O Presidente Frances, Nicolas Sarkozy, esteve ha’ cerca de 2 meses no Senegal, onde proferiu na Universidade de Dakar este belissimo discurso (que continua ate’ hoje a fazer correr muita tinta), do qual extrai as seguintes perolas:

Il y a eu la traite négrière, il y a eu l'esclavage, les hommes, les femmes, les enfants achetés et vendus comme des marchandises. Et ce crime ne fut pas seulement un crime contre les Africains, ce fut un crime contre l'homme, ce fut un crime contre l'humanité toute entière. Et l'homme noir qui éternellement «entend de la cale monter les malédictions enchaînées, les hoquettements des mourants, le bruit de l'un d'entre eux qu'on jette à la mer». Cet homme noir qui ne peut s'empêcher de se répéter sans fin «Et ce pays cria pendant des siècles que nous sommes des bêtes brutes». Cet homme noir, je veux le dire ici à Dakar, a le visage de tous les hommes du monde.
Cette souffrance de l'homme noir, je ne parle pas de l'homme au sens du sexe, je parle de l'homme au sens de l'être humain et bien sûr de la femme et de l'homme dans son acceptation générale. Cette souffrance de l'homme noir, c'est la souffrance de tous les hommes. Cette blessure ouverte dans l'âme de l'homme noir est une blessure ouverte dans l'âme de tous les hommes. Jeunes d'Afrique, je ne suis pas venu vous parler de repentance. Je suis venu vous dire que je ressens la traite et l'esclavage comme des crimes envers l'humanité. Je suis venu vous dire que votre déchirure et votre souffrance sont les nôtres et sont donc les miennes.
(...)
Mais il est vrai que jadis, les Européens sont venus en Afrique en conquérants. Ils ont pris la terre de vos ancêtres. Ils ont banni les dieux, les langues, les croyances, les coutumes de vos pères. Ils ont dit à vos pères ce qu'ils devaient penser, ce qu'ils devaient croire, ce qu'ils devaient faire. Ils ont coupé vos pères de leur passé, ils leur ont arraché leur âme et leurs racines. Ils ont désenchanté l'Afrique. Ils ont eu tort. Ils n'ont pas vu la profondeur et la richesse de l'âme africaine. Ils ont cru qu'ils étaient supérieurs, qu'ils étaient plus avancés, qu'ils étaient le progrès, qu'ils étaient la civilisation. Ils ont eu tort.
Ils ont voulu convertir l'homme africain, ils ont voulu le façonner à leur image, ils ont cru qu'ils avaient tous les droits, ils ont cru qu'ils étaient tout puissants, plus puissants que les dieux de l'Afrique, plus puissants que l'âme africaine, plus puissants que les liens sacrés que les hommes avaient tissés patiemment pendant des millénaires avec le ciel et la terre d'Afrique, plus puissants que les mystères qui venaient du fond des âges. Ils ont eu tort. Ils ont abîmé un art de vivre. Ils ont abîmé un imaginaire merveilleux. Ils ont abîmé une sagesse ancestrale. Ils ont eu tort.
Ils ont créé une angoisse, un mal de vivre. Ils ont nourri la haine. Ils ont rendu plus difficile l'ouverture aux autres, l'échange, le partage parce que pour s'ouvrir, pour échanger, pour partager, il faut être assuré de son identité, de ses valeurs, de ses convictions. Face au colonisateur, le colonisé avait fini par ne plus avoir confiance en lui, par ne plus savoir qui il était, par se laisser gagner par la peur de l'autre, par la crainte de l'avenir. Le colonisateur est venu, il a pris, il s'est servi, il a exploité, il a pillé des ressources, des richesses qui ne lui appartenaient pas. Il a dépouillé le colonisé de sa personnalité, de sa liberté, de sa terre, du fruit de son travail.
(...)
Je veux vous dire, jeunes d'Afrique, que le drame de l'Afrique n'est pas dans une prétendue infériorité de son art, sa pensée, de sa culture. Car, pour ce qui est de l'art, de la pensée et de la culture, c'est l'Occident qui s'est mis à l'école de l'Afrique. L'art moderne doit presque tout à l'Afrique. L'influence de l'Afrique a contribué à changer non seulement l'idée de la beauté, non seulement le sens du rythme, de la musique, de la danse, mais même dit Senghor, la manière de marcher ou de rire du monde du XXème siècle. Je veux donc dire, à la jeunesse d'Afrique, que le drame de l'Afrique ne vient pas de ce que l'âme africaine serait imperméable à la logique et à la raison. Car l'homme africain est aussi logique et raisonnable que l'homme européen.
C'est en puisant dans l'imaginaire africain que vous ont légué vos ancêtres, c'est en puisant dans les contes, dans les proverbes, dans les mythologies, dans les rites, dans ces formes qui, depuis l'aube des temps, se transmettent et s'enrichissent de génération en génération que vous trouverez l'imagination et la force de vous inventer un avenir qui vous soit propre, un avenir singulier qui ne ressemblera à aucun autre, où vous vous sentirez enfin libres, libres, jeunes d'Afrique d'être vous-mêmes, libres de décider par vous-mêmes.
(...)
Je suis venu vous dire que vous n'avez pas à avoir honte des valeurs de la civilisation africaine, qu'elles ne vous tirent pas vers le bas mais vers le haut, qu'elles sont un antidote au matérialisme et à l'individualisme qui asservissent l'homme moderne, qu'elles sont le plus précieux des héritages face à la déshumanisation et à l'aplatissement du monde. Je suis venu vous dire que l'homme moderne qui éprouve le besoin de se réconcilier avec la nature a beaucoup à apprendre de l'homme africain qui vit en symbiose avec la nature depuis des millénaires. Je suis venu vous dire que cette déchirure entre ces deux parts de vous-mêmes est votre plus grande force, et votre plus grande faiblesse selon que vous vous efforcerez ou non d'en faire la synthèse.
N'écoutez pas jeunes d'Afrique, ceux qui veulent vous déraciner, vous priver de votre identité, faire table rase de tout ce qui est africain, de toute la mystique, la religiosité, la sensibilité, la mentalité africaine, parce que pour échanger il faut avoir quelque chose à donner, parce que pour parler aux autres, il faut avoir quelque chose à leur dire.

(...)

Pergunta: perante tao belo discurso (e digo-o sem qualquer ponta de 'sarkasmo', em face de artigos e pronunciamentos como o de Eugenio Ferreira e outros similares) porque sera’ que varios escritores Africanos, liderados pelo proeminente Historiador do colonialismo Jean-Luc Raharimanana, enderecaram a Sarkozy esta carta aberta (onde se pode ler esta passagem: «Vous avez tort de mettre sur le même pied d’égalité la responsabilité des Africains et les crimes de l’esclavage et de la colonisation, car s’il y avait des complices de notre côté, ils ne sont que les émanations de ces entreprises totalitaires initiées par l’Europe, depuis quand les systèmes totalitaires n’ont-ils pas leurs collaborateurs locaux ? Car oui, l’esclavage et la colonisation sont des systèmes totalitaires, et vous avez tort de tenter de les justifier en évoquant nos responsabilités et ce bon côté de la colonisation.») em tons pouco simpaticos, para dizer o minimo?

Desafio: descubra as 4 semelhancas.


*[First posted 26/09/07]

Saturday, 13 March 2010

Curiosidades... (I)

Sabia que?...


... Ele ha' gente que (tal como um certo jornal que a dada altura defendia esta posicao sobre a mencao da raca no BI e, mais recentemente, fez uma reviravolta de 360 graus sobre a questao...) vem defendendo a obra de Redinha como se da "palavra de Deus ou do Tchibinda Ilunga" se tratasse e usando-a a saciedade como escudo de proteccao e fonte de justificacao para uma defesa "racional" da sua "incontestavel e inalienavel pertenca", por supostos "merito e direito", ao grupo etno-linguistico Tchokwe', mas... que agora acha "sensata e inteligente" esta posicao de Fernando Pacheco?!?

(Porra!!!)

... Nao, ele ha' com cada um e com cada um@ que ate' parecem tres!!!
Eu einh?!

[... onde e' que eu ja' li algo como "(racistas estruturais) tentando mostrar porventura que os exercícios intelectuais não são para todos, isto é , tentando demonstrar que não podem ter a opinião livre dos habituais situacionistas que, consoante os tempos vão mudando, eles e elas mudam logo de ideias em nome do actualismo, nomeadamente quando passam a ter alguma visibilidade..."?]


N.B.: Este "desabafo" nao constitui qualquer comentario, quer ao artigo de Fernando Pacheco, quer a materia que lhe deu origem.

Sabia que?...


... Ele ha' gente que (tal como um certo jornal que a dada altura defendia esta posicao sobre a mencao da raca no BI e, mais recentemente, fez uma reviravolta de 360 graus sobre a questao...) vem defendendo a obra de Redinha como se da "palavra de Deus ou do Tchibinda Ilunga" se tratasse e usando-a a saciedade como escudo de proteccao e fonte de justificacao para uma defesa "racional" da sua "incontestavel e inalienavel pertenca", por supostos "merito e direito", ao grupo etno-linguistico Tchokwe', mas... que agora acha "sensata e inteligente" esta posicao de Fernando Pacheco?!?

(Porra!!!)

... Nao, ele ha' com cada um e com cada um@ que ate' parecem tres!!!
Eu einh?!

[... onde e' que eu ja' li algo como "(racistas estruturais) tentando mostrar porventura que os exercícios intelectuais não são para todos, isto é , tentando demonstrar que não podem ter a opinião livre dos habituais situacionistas que, consoante os tempos vão mudando, eles e elas mudam logo de ideias em nome do actualismo, nomeadamente quando passam a ter alguma visibilidade..."?]


N.B.: Este "desabafo" nao constitui qualquer comentario, quer ao artigo de Fernando Pacheco, quer a materia que lhe deu origem.

Wednesday, 3 March 2010

Identidade(s) & Etnicidade(s): Outras Lutas, Outras Conquistas (I)

¡Histórico!
Londres reconoció a la etnia ibero-americana/ luso-hispana



En Reino Unido hay varias etnias reconocidas pero una de las mayores (la de habla hispana y portuguesa) no figuraba en formulario alguno (pese a que se estima que entre uno y dos millones de personas en UK son de ancestros iberoamericanos).
Tras una ardua y tenaz lucha, miles de firmas recolectadas, una marcha multitudinaria y asambleas masivas con varias autoridades, la alcaldía de la mayor urbe europea ha resuelto por primera vez en la historia reconocer a las comunidades latina, brasilera, portuguesa, española e ibero-africana.
Todas ellas, pese a sus diferencias, guardan en común 5 siglos de similar historia, grupo lingüístico oficial y cultura. Juntas pueden llegar a ser la mayor minoría de la capital de las Olimpiadas.
En una reunión en la alcaldía de Londres entre importantes funcionarios y dirigentes de las comunidades de habla hispana y portuguesa, los representantes del burgomaestre londinense informaron que habrá una casilla para que de ahora en adelante podamos identificarnos y dejar de ser “otros”.






Posts Relacionados:

Falando de Geracoes

In a Statelessness State of Mind

e

Diasporando

Onde se pode encontrar esta passagem:

Quaisquer que sejam os seus méritos ou deméritos, tais mecanismos, lá onde existem, não resolvem necessáriamente os problemas de integração com que alguns segmentos da diáspora Angolana em países ocidentais não-Lusófonos se deparam. É que, excepto no caso particular dos exilados políticos oficiais, acima dos níveis mais básicos de apoio monetário, social e educativo, as instituições dos países hospedeiros tendem a privilegiar, quanto mais não seja para uma “eficiente alocação” dos seus recursos financeiros e político-eleitorais, os imigrantes provenientes das suas ex-colónias ou da sua área geo-político-cultural. Restam, à maioria dos membros das nossas comunidades nesses países, duas alternativas: a aceitação de posições subalternas, apesar dos seus esforços de superação individual, ou o regresso à terra natal. Sendo aparente que, dentre as razões explicativas do fenómeno migratório Angolano, os factores de repulsão na origem (principalmente a guerra e seus efeitos colaterais) pesam mais do que os de atracção nos países de destino, não é líquido que as novas condições de paz venham a propiciar no futuro próximo um regresso massivo ao país, embora essa seja indiscutívelmente a opção preferida pela esmagadora maioria da nossa diáspora no ocidente.
¡Histórico!
Londres reconoció a la etnia ibero-americana/ luso-hispana



En Reino Unido hay varias etnias reconocidas pero una de las mayores (la de habla hispana y portuguesa) no figuraba en formulario alguno (pese a que se estima que entre uno y dos millones de personas en UK son de ancestros iberoamericanos).
Tras una ardua y tenaz lucha, miles de firmas recolectadas, una marcha multitudinaria y asambleas masivas con varias autoridades, la alcaldía de la mayor urbe europea ha resuelto por primera vez en la historia reconocer a las comunidades latina, brasilera, portuguesa, española e ibero-africana.
Todas ellas, pese a sus diferencias, guardan en común 5 siglos de similar historia, grupo lingüístico oficial y cultura. Juntas pueden llegar a ser la mayor minoría de la capital de las Olimpiadas.
En una reunión en la alcaldía de Londres entre importantes funcionarios y dirigentes de las comunidades de habla hispana y portuguesa, los representantes del burgomaestre londinense informaron que habrá una casilla para que de ahora en adelante podamos identificarnos y dejar de ser “otros”.






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Falando de Geracoes

In a Statelessness State of Mind

e

Diasporando

Onde se pode encontrar esta passagem:

Quaisquer que sejam os seus méritos ou deméritos, tais mecanismos, lá onde existem, não resolvem necessáriamente os problemas de integração com que alguns segmentos da diáspora Angolana em países ocidentais não-Lusófonos se deparam. É que, excepto no caso particular dos exilados políticos oficiais, acima dos níveis mais básicos de apoio monetário, social e educativo, as instituições dos países hospedeiros tendem a privilegiar, quanto mais não seja para uma “eficiente alocação” dos seus recursos financeiros e político-eleitorais, os imigrantes provenientes das suas ex-colónias ou da sua área geo-político-cultural. Restam, à maioria dos membros das nossas comunidades nesses países, duas alternativas: a aceitação de posições subalternas, apesar dos seus esforços de superação individual, ou o regresso à terra natal. Sendo aparente que, dentre as razões explicativas do fenómeno migratório Angolano, os factores de repulsão na origem (principalmente a guerra e seus efeitos colaterais) pesam mais do que os de atracção nos países de destino, não é líquido que as novas condições de paz venham a propiciar no futuro próximo um regresso massivo ao país, embora essa seja indiscutívelmente a opção preferida pela esmagadora maioria da nossa diáspora no ocidente.

Saturday, 27 February 2010

White Negritude

OU "A IDEOLOGIA DOS (PRETENSOS) AFECTOS"

(...)

Transference of cultural practices by close contact allows whites to write "black", a move that, besides the ultimate (albeit one step removed) indigenisation of the Euro-Brazilian, enables another transfer: the disappearance of the black by way of simultaneous incorporation and erasure. Black autonomous authorship (a voice that Freyre perceives as emblematic of US segregationism) is thus disqualified through transfer, together with mixed race authorship, a voice Freyre accuses of being intrinsically incapable of genuinely representing either race: not the manor, not the subaltern periphery, yet alone a synthesis or Brazilian ineffable heterogeneity.

Isfahani-Hammond recognises this dynamic, and sees Freyre situating "himself as a seignorial figure who has equal domain in elite and marginal sites, displacing people of mixed European/African ancestry from the embodiment of hybridization and, therein, from the ability to narrate or speak about national identity" (p. 14). Freyre finally "transfers" the south of Brazil: a site of degenerative modernisation, European immigration and influence, and, ultimately, Americanization. It is an alien and unauthentic locale; a source of foreign and therefore distorting stimuli.

At the end of a succession of discursive transfers, the white master's claim is the last one standing. His proximity to black commodified bodies enables authentic linguistic and spiritual incorporation, something that is denied to everyone else. Only the specific conditions of the northeastern plantation and the intimate contact between masters and slaves could produce Brazil's exceptional "Racial Democracy": "[t]he social history of the plantation manor is the intimate history of almost every Brazilian", Freyre concludes (quoted, p. 134). Casa Grande e Senzala is therefore exactly what the title says it is: a hierarchically organised dyad constituted by seigneural manor plus the contribution that emanates from the slave quarters. Despite their contribution, indeed exactly because of their contribution, the autonomous agency of the slaves and their descendants is effaced, and the seigneural manor remains the unique site of "genuine" Brazilian culture. Once the sequence of transfers is completed, Freyre's "almost every Brazilian", ends up reading like "every Brazilian who happens to be a white male seigneur who grew up in a plantation in the northeast of the country". An exceptionally inclusive tradition is thus recast into an exceptionally selective one.

Freyre ultimately took a conservative turn and his assertion of "Lusotropicalism" and its singularity sustained Portugal's imperialism throughout the 1960s and 1970s. He travelled to the African colonies in 1951 and 1952 where he recognised a number of "little Brazils", which for him was a good thing. The colonial establishment of the Portuguese state took advantage of Freyre's rhetoric and explicit complicity (see p. 163, n. 1). However, as Isfahani-Hammond illustrates, this evolution is actually much less discontinuous than the available literature is willing to acknowledge. While Freyrean notions of "racial Democracy" have been used in various contexts and for different purposes, an underlying continuity should be emphasised: he coherently supported a seigneural subjectivity against all its enemies, while at the same time expropriating and disallowing the cultural voice of Brazilian blackness. He consistently reclaimed a right to do so.

Freyre's transferist strategy, however, is not unique. Settlers elsewhere also need to enact physical and discursive transfers against their indigenous and exogenous opponents in order to effectively claim local versions of "genuine" indigenising cultural authenticity. Freyre's "creolization/indigenization", Isfahani-Hammond concludes, "is nationalistic and anticolonial yet grounded in symbolically Africanized, white dominance" (p. 52). Settler indigenisations elsewhere are also nationalistic and anticolonial; settlers need to build independent nations and supersede their dependency on the motherland. Settler indigenisation, of course, is also grounded on an indigenised white dominance that effaces really existing indigenous peoples.

[Here]

Posts Relacionados:

O Dia Em Que o Leao (Nao) Comeu Pela Primeira Vez a Estrela

Jean-Baptiste Debret e a Coloracao da "Nossa" Escravidao no Brasil

"A Razao da Nossa Luta" 50 Anos Depois
OU "A IDEOLOGIA DOS (PRETENSOS) AFECTOS"

(...)

Transference of cultural practices by close contact allows whites to write "black", a move that, besides the ultimate (albeit one step removed) indigenisation of the Euro-Brazilian, enables another transfer: the disappearance of the black by way of simultaneous incorporation and erasure. Black autonomous authorship (a voice that Freyre perceives as emblematic of US segregationism) is thus disqualified through transfer, together with mixed race authorship, a voice Freyre accuses of being intrinsically incapable of genuinely representing either race: not the manor, not the subaltern periphery, yet alone a synthesis or Brazilian ineffable heterogeneity.

Isfahani-Hammond recognises this dynamic, and sees Freyre situating "himself as a seignorial figure who has equal domain in elite and marginal sites, displacing people of mixed European/African ancestry from the embodiment of hybridization and, therein, from the ability to narrate or speak about national identity" (p. 14). Freyre finally "transfers" the south of Brazil: a site of degenerative modernisation, European immigration and influence, and, ultimately, Americanization. It is an alien and unauthentic locale; a source of foreign and therefore distorting stimuli.

At the end of a succession of discursive transfers, the white master's claim is the last one standing. His proximity to black commodified bodies enables authentic linguistic and spiritual incorporation, something that is denied to everyone else. Only the specific conditions of the northeastern plantation and the intimate contact between masters and slaves could produce Brazil's exceptional "Racial Democracy": "[t]he social history of the plantation manor is the intimate history of almost every Brazilian", Freyre concludes (quoted, p. 134). Casa Grande e Senzala is therefore exactly what the title says it is: a hierarchically organised dyad constituted by seigneural manor plus the contribution that emanates from the slave quarters. Despite their contribution, indeed exactly because of their contribution, the autonomous agency of the slaves and their descendants is effaced, and the seigneural manor remains the unique site of "genuine" Brazilian culture. Once the sequence of transfers is completed, Freyre's "almost every Brazilian", ends up reading like "every Brazilian who happens to be a white male seigneur who grew up in a plantation in the northeast of the country". An exceptionally inclusive tradition is thus recast into an exceptionally selective one.

Freyre ultimately took a conservative turn and his assertion of "Lusotropicalism" and its singularity sustained Portugal's imperialism throughout the 1960s and 1970s. He travelled to the African colonies in 1951 and 1952 where he recognised a number of "little Brazils", which for him was a good thing. The colonial establishment of the Portuguese state took advantage of Freyre's rhetoric and explicit complicity (see p. 163, n. 1). However, as Isfahani-Hammond illustrates, this evolution is actually much less discontinuous than the available literature is willing to acknowledge. While Freyrean notions of "racial Democracy" have been used in various contexts and for different purposes, an underlying continuity should be emphasised: he coherently supported a seigneural subjectivity against all its enemies, while at the same time expropriating and disallowing the cultural voice of Brazilian blackness. He consistently reclaimed a right to do so.

Freyre's transferist strategy, however, is not unique. Settlers elsewhere also need to enact physical and discursive transfers against their indigenous and exogenous opponents in order to effectively claim local versions of "genuine" indigenising cultural authenticity. Freyre's "creolization/indigenization", Isfahani-Hammond concludes, "is nationalistic and anticolonial yet grounded in symbolically Africanized, white dominance" (p. 52). Settler indigenisations elsewhere are also nationalistic and anticolonial; settlers need to build independent nations and supersede their dependency on the motherland. Settler indigenisation, of course, is also grounded on an indigenised white dominance that effaces really existing indigenous peoples.

[Here]

Posts Relacionados:

O Dia Em Que o Leao (Nao) Comeu Pela Primeira Vez a Estrela

Jean-Baptiste Debret e a Coloracao da "Nossa" Escravidao no Brasil

"A Razao da Nossa Luta" 50 Anos Depois

Sunday, 14 February 2010

Reviving Haiti Through Its Music*


Cristophe Colomb fut le premier à découvrir Haïti en 1492, un évènement qui devait transformer la région en une économie esclavagiste basée sur le commerce lucrative de la canne à sucre et autres produits agricoles. Au 17ème siècle, Haïti, la Martinique et la Guadeloupe étaient déjà devenues des colonies françaises. Haïti parvint à l’indépendence en 1804 suite à la révolte des esclaves, qui fut d’ailleurs la seule couronnée de succès de toute l’histoire.


La quasi totalité des genres musicaux venant d’ Haïti, de Martinique et de Guadeloupe est basée sur des rythmes traditionnels africains. Le compass Haïtien est un rythme medio tempo vraiment captivant et rempli de quiproquos à connotation sexuelle dont le saxophonist Jean Baptiste Nemours fut l’un des précurseurs. Sur le plan musical, ce style s’inspire directement de rythmes aussi variés que la merengue dominicaine, le calypso de l’ile de la Trinité, le jazz, le swing et plus récement le hip hop américain. Dès les années 60-70, le compass haïtien était également devenu le style de musique le plus populaire en Martinique et en Guadeloupe.


Michel Martelly, plus connu sous le nom de “Sweet Micky” a grandi à Carrefour, une banlieue de Port-Au-Prince, avec son frère et ses quatre souers. Son charme charimastique et sa voix brûlante ont propulsé Sweet Micky au firmament de la scène musicale compass haïtienne. Allors qu’il attribute son inspiration à des artistes comme Tabou Combo, Skah Shah et la légende du Cap Vert Cesária Évora. Micky a crée son propre son en alliant le compass avec quelques touches de reggae, de jazz, de soca et même de rara haïtienne (genre musical inspiré d’un festival folklorique haïtien).


[Pa Manyen Fanm Nan - Michel Martelly]

“Pa Manyen Fanm Nan” a été enregistré dans le cadre du très acclamé projet Haïti Twoubadou. La musique de cette chanson, rendue célèbre dans le monde entier par Cesária Évora, reprend l’hymne de Ramiro Mendes.


[Angola - Cesária Évora]

The enthralling style of music known as twoubadou dates back to the turn of the 20th century, when Haïtian migrant workers, returning from Cuban sugar plantations, brought this guitar-driven genre back with them. The Haïti Twoubadou project’s producers Fabrice Rouzier and Clement Belizaire put together a lineup that reads like an all-star list of the contemporary Haitian music scene. It features Michel Martelly, Les Freres Dodo, James Germain, Fabrice Rouzier, Michael Benjamin, Ralph Papillion, Hans Peters, Black Alex, Don Kato, Jackito, Beethova Obas and many others. These troubadours have also used the spotlight that the project has generated to help raise awareness for a variety of social problems in Haïti, including support for better education and the fight against AIDS.
Haïti Twoubadou has become such a success that the series has now extended to four volumes. This romantic sound that evokes Haïti’s windswept beaches is now being imitated in countless new twoubadou recordings, and has sparked a revival of acoustic music in the Haïtian diaspora.


[Ki Demon Sa-a - Haïti Twoubadou]


Emeline Michel was born in Gonaives, Haiti. She began singing gospel music in her local church. After studying music professionally at the Detroit Jazz Center; Michel returned to Haiti, where she released the first of her seven CDs, and was subsequently dubbed, “The Queen of Haitian Song.” Michel has made a name for herself through both her consciously aware songwriting and captivating performances. Her music combines traditional Haitian melodies with a plethora of sounds including compass, twoubadou, rara, jazz, rock, blues, bossa nova and samba.
“Moso Manman” is from Michel’s album Cordes et Ame (Strings and Soul). It is a self-produced collection of predominantly acoustic songs centered around the theme of perseverance (many are references to the political and social struggles that Haiti has been going through). Emeline Michel wrote “Moso Manman (Strong Mama)” as an ode to mothers. The lyrics say, “Dance with me mama, come dance with me mama, because even with diamonds, I can never repay you.”


[Moso Manman - Emeline Michel]

Alex Abellard launched the cutting-edge Haitian compass band Zin while he was attending City College of New York in the late 1980s. Zin is a Haitian creole word that can be interpreted both as “extraordinary” and “gossip”, two ideas that, as the group’s founder Alex Abellard puts it, “conjure up the image of the group, something that’s amazing, perhaps gossip, but something that you certainly want to hear.”
In the late 1980s, after the Haitian dictator Duvalier was overthrown, compass experienced a revival in Haiti and in expatriot communities like Miami and Brooklyn (now, the place with the second largest Haitian population in the world after Port au Prince). “When we came to New York,” explains Abellard, “we were listening to other music such as disco and hip-hop. We wanted to create a sound that was both from our own country [Haiti] while modernizing it at the same time.”


[Kanpe Sou Yon Bit - Zin]

In the late 1990s, Carlo Vieux, Richard Cave’, and Mickael Guirand decided to leave their native Haiti to pursue musical careers in the United States. All three men had strong backgrounds in Haitian compass, having played in the past with a number of popular groups. When they united in New York City, they moved to create a dynamic new form of Haitian compass, adding touches of zouk, reggae and hip-hop. Their name is a fusion of the band members’ names: Carlo, Richard, and Mickael.
“Ayiti (Bang Bang)” is the title track from their groundbreaking debut recording. The song became an immediate smash, and helped the group win “Album of the Year” at the 2001 Haitian Music Awards. Carimi uses the song as a strong indictment on the current socio-economic situation in Haiti, comparing it to the lawlessness portrayed in comic books (The reference to “Lucky Luke” in the song comes from a Belgian comic book character) and Hollywood’s images of the wild west: “My country has turned into a cowboy movie/ Bang Bang, Lucky Luke/ My country’s not a game/ Stop playing with it.”


[Ayiti (Bang Bang) - Carimi]



Tendo comecado com uma cancao em que se podem ouvir notas de outras ilhas musicais (Cabo Verde), termino com duas que, por sua vez, revelam a influencia do Haiti na linguagem musical de outras ilhas do Caribe/Antilhas, nomeadamente a Martinica e Guadeloupe (neste caso com os Kassav - que, interessantemente, em mwangole' se traduz para, mais do que apenas mandioca, funje - e um certo Rete', ja' tocado neste blog ha' uns tempos, que tambem diz algo sobre o (re)contagio destes estilos musicais com alguma da musica feita por Angolanos, como pode ser constatado aqui). Veja-se tambem, a este proposito, embora neste caso nao se possa falar propriamente de um directo "(re)contagio", o Kanpe Sou Yon Bit dos Zin, acima, em relacao a alguma da musica de um certo Afroman...


[Man Biswenw - Jean-Luc Alger]

Jean-Luc Alger hails from Martinique and had a long and illustrious career on the Caribbean music scene. He joined his first band in 1970, Les Sympas, with which he performed Haitian style compas. After a brief stint in the military, where he was part of the army band, he embarked on a successful career as bandleader and singer for the group Lazair. One highlight of this period was his work with famed singer Edith Lefel, with whom he recorded the hit song “Ice Manman” in 1984. Since the early 1990s, Alger has been working with the band Klima, and has specialized in hard-driving zouk performed with a real horn section and rhythms that keep a close connection to the roots and folklore of the French Caribbean. Recently, Alger has been working closely with producer Ronald Rubinel, one of the most respected and inventive composers and producers in modern French Caribbean music.


[Rete' - Kassav]

The world’s leading zouk band, Kassav, began with the inspiration of three men from Guadeloupe: brothers Pierre-Edouard and Georges Decimus and Jacob Desvarieux. They used the latest studio technology from Paris and created a new sound by fusing salsa, compass, reggae and other Caribbean styles with the folk rhythms of Martinique and Guadeloupe. “Before we got started”, explains Desvarieux, “the scene here in the French Antilles was dominated by Haitian compass. We wanted to create something new.”
Their name comes from the popular Caribbean dish, cassava (a mix of manioc paste and coconut). The band took shape with some of the leading musicians and vocalists from Guadeloupe and Martinique such as Jocelyn Beroard, Ralph Thamar and Jean-Phillipe Marthely. They quickly became one of the most successful bands both in France and the Caribbean, recording over a dozen hit albums, and inventing a genre.
By the mid-1980s, the group was selling out stadiums around the world with tours that spanned six continents. Kassav’s live version of the Jean-Philippe Marthely composition “Rete” is from their legendary 1986 concert at the Zenith in Paris.





*{In response to the devastating earthquake in Haiti, Putumayo Records is re-releasing their French Caribbean CD (first released in 2003 and on which this post is based) and donating 100% of the proceeds from the sale of each CD to The Red Cross, throughout 2010. Five of the (10) songs on the collection are by Haitian musicians.}

[Related Posts]



Cristophe Colomb fut le premier à découvrir Haïti en 1492, un évènement qui devait transformer la région en une économie esclavagiste basée sur le commerce lucrative de la canne à sucre et autres produits agricoles. Au 17ème siècle, Haïti, la Martinique et la Guadeloupe étaient déjà devenues des colonies françaises. Haïti parvint à l’indépendence en 1804 suite à la révolte des esclaves, qui fut d’ailleurs la seule couronnée de succès de toute l’histoire.


La quasi totalité des genres musicaux venant d’ Haïti, de Martinique et de Guadeloupe est basée sur des rythmes traditionnels africains. Le compass Haïtien est un rythme medio tempo vraiment captivant et rempli de quiproquos à connotation sexuelle dont le saxophonist Jean Baptiste Nemours fut l’un des précurseurs. Sur le plan musical, ce style s’inspire directement de rythmes aussi variés que la merengue dominicaine, le calypso de l’ile de la Trinité, le jazz, le swing et plus récement le hip hop américain. Dès les années 60-70, le compass haïtien était également devenu le style de musique le plus populaire en Martinique et en Guadeloupe.


Michel Martelly, plus connu sous le nom de “Sweet Micky” a grandi à Carrefour, une banlieue de Port-Au-Prince, avec son frère et ses quatre souers. Son charme charimastique et sa voix brûlante ont propulsé Sweet Micky au firmament de la scène musicale compass haïtienne. Allors qu’il attribute son inspiration à des artistes comme Tabou Combo, Skah Shah et la légende du Cap Vert Cesária Évora. Micky a crée son propre son en alliant le compass avec quelques touches de reggae, de jazz, de soca et même de rara haïtienne (genre musical inspiré d’un festival folklorique haïtien).


[Pa Manyen Fanm Nan - Michel Martelly]

“Pa Manyen Fanm Nan” a été enregistré dans le cadre du très acclamé projet Haïti Twoubadou. La musique de cette chanson, rendue célèbre dans le monde entier par Cesária Évora, reprend l’hymne de Ramiro Mendes.


[Angola - Cesária Évora]

The enthralling style of music known as twoubadou dates back to the turn of the 20th century, when Haïtian migrant workers, returning from Cuban sugar plantations, brought this guitar-driven genre back with them. The Haïti Twoubadou project’s producers Fabrice Rouzier and Clement Belizaire put together a lineup that reads like an all-star list of the contemporary Haitian music scene. It features Michel Martelly, Les Freres Dodo, James Germain, Fabrice Rouzier, Michael Benjamin, Ralph Papillion, Hans Peters, Black Alex, Don Kato, Jackito, Beethova Obas and many others. These troubadours have also used the spotlight that the project has generated to help raise awareness for a variety of social problems in Haïti, including support for better education and the fight against AIDS.
Haïti Twoubadou has become such a success that the series has now extended to four volumes. This romantic sound that evokes Haïti’s windswept beaches is now being imitated in countless new twoubadou recordings, and has sparked a revival of acoustic music in the Haïtian diaspora.


[Ki Demon Sa-a - Haïti Twoubadou]


Emeline Michel was born in Gonaives, Haiti. She began singing gospel music in her local church. After studying music professionally at the Detroit Jazz Center; Michel returned to Haiti, where she released the first of her seven CDs, and was subsequently dubbed, “The Queen of Haitian Song.” Michel has made a name for herself through both her consciously aware songwriting and captivating performances. Her music combines traditional Haitian melodies with a plethora of sounds including compass, twoubadou, rara, jazz, rock, blues, bossa nova and samba.
“Moso Manman” is from Michel’s album Cordes et Ame (Strings and Soul). It is a self-produced collection of predominantly acoustic songs centered around the theme of perseverance (many are references to the political and social struggles that Haiti has been going through). Emeline Michel wrote “Moso Manman (Strong Mama)” as an ode to mothers. The lyrics say, “Dance with me mama, come dance with me mama, because even with diamonds, I can never repay you.”


[Moso Manman - Emeline Michel]

Alex Abellard launched the cutting-edge Haitian compass band Zin while he was attending City College of New York in the late 1980s. Zin is a Haitian creole word that can be interpreted both as “extraordinary” and “gossip”, two ideas that, as the group’s founder Alex Abellard puts it, “conjure up the image of the group, something that’s amazing, perhaps gossip, but something that you certainly want to hear.”
In the late 1980s, after the Haitian dictator Duvalier was overthrown, compass experienced a revival in Haiti and in expatriot communities like Miami and Brooklyn (now, the place with the second largest Haitian population in the world after Port au Prince). “When we came to New York,” explains Abellard, “we were listening to other music such as disco and hip-hop. We wanted to create a sound that was both from our own country [Haiti] while modernizing it at the same time.”


[Kanpe Sou Yon Bit - Zin]

In the late 1990s, Carlo Vieux, Richard Cave’, and Mickael Guirand decided to leave their native Haiti to pursue musical careers in the United States. All three men had strong backgrounds in Haitian compass, having played in the past with a number of popular groups. When they united in New York City, they moved to create a dynamic new form of Haitian compass, adding touches of zouk, reggae and hip-hop. Their name is a fusion of the band members’ names: Carlo, Richard, and Mickael.
“Ayiti (Bang Bang)” is the title track from their groundbreaking debut recording. The song became an immediate smash, and helped the group win “Album of the Year” at the 2001 Haitian Music Awards. Carimi uses the song as a strong indictment on the current socio-economic situation in Haiti, comparing it to the lawlessness portrayed in comic books (The reference to “Lucky Luke” in the song comes from a Belgian comic book character) and Hollywood’s images of the wild west: “My country has turned into a cowboy movie/ Bang Bang, Lucky Luke/ My country’s not a game/ Stop playing with it.”


[Ayiti (Bang Bang) - Carimi]



Tendo comecado com uma cancao em que se podem ouvir notas de outras ilhas musicais (Cabo Verde), termino com duas que, por sua vez, revelam a influencia do Haiti na linguagem musical de outras ilhas do Caribe/Antilhas, nomeadamente a Martinica e Guadeloupe (neste caso com os Kassav - que, interessantemente, em mwangole' se traduz para, mais do que apenas mandioca, funje - e um certo Rete', ja' tocado neste blog ha' uns tempos, que tambem diz algo sobre o (re)contagio destes estilos musicais com alguma da musica feita por Angolanos, como pode ser constatado aqui). Veja-se tambem, a este proposito, embora neste caso nao se possa falar propriamente de um directo "(re)contagio", o Kanpe Sou Yon Bit dos Zin, acima, em relacao a alguma da musica de um certo Afroman...


[Man Biswenw - Jean-Luc Alger]

Jean-Luc Alger hails from Martinique and had a long and illustrious career on the Caribbean music scene. He joined his first band in 1970, Les Sympas, with which he performed Haitian style compas. After a brief stint in the military, where he was part of the army band, he embarked on a successful career as bandleader and singer for the group Lazair. One highlight of this period was his work with famed singer Edith Lefel, with whom he recorded the hit song “Ice Manman” in 1984. Since the early 1990s, Alger has been working with the band Klima, and has specialized in hard-driving zouk performed with a real horn section and rhythms that keep a close connection to the roots and folklore of the French Caribbean. Recently, Alger has been working closely with producer Ronald Rubinel, one of the most respected and inventive composers and producers in modern French Caribbean music.


[Rete' - Kassav]

The world’s leading zouk band, Kassav, began with the inspiration of three men from Guadeloupe: brothers Pierre-Edouard and Georges Decimus and Jacob Desvarieux. They used the latest studio technology from Paris and created a new sound by fusing salsa, compass, reggae and other Caribbean styles with the folk rhythms of Martinique and Guadeloupe. “Before we got started”, explains Desvarieux, “the scene here in the French Antilles was dominated by Haitian compass. We wanted to create something new.”
Their name comes from the popular Caribbean dish, cassava (a mix of manioc paste and coconut). The band took shape with some of the leading musicians and vocalists from Guadeloupe and Martinique such as Jocelyn Beroard, Ralph Thamar and Jean-Phillipe Marthely. They quickly became one of the most successful bands both in France and the Caribbean, recording over a dozen hit albums, and inventing a genre.
By the mid-1980s, the group was selling out stadiums around the world with tours that spanned six continents. Kassav’s live version of the Jean-Philippe Marthely composition “Rete” is from their legendary 1986 concert at the Zenith in Paris.





*{In response to the devastating earthquake in Haiti, Putumayo Records is re-releasing their French Caribbean CD (first released in 2003 and on which this post is based) and donating 100% of the proceeds from the sale of each CD to The Red Cross, throughout 2010. Five of the (10) songs on the collection are by Haitian musicians.}

[Related Posts]


Monday, 16 November 2009

O DIA EM QUE O LEAO (NAO) COMEU PELA PRIMEIRA VEZ A ESTRELA…



Masque (2003) - Amidou Dossou, Benin

Foi o dia em que alguem, algures entre a Maianga e a Cidade Alta, resolveu que a literatura angolana precisava de algo assim como uma “biblioteca asseptica”: “ja’ era preciso um trabalho assim, uma especie de condensado para que as novas geracoes entendam como a personalidade dos povos de Angola se foi afirmando atraves da literatura…” – tera’ (alegadamente) sentenciado o mais elevado dos espiritas.

Gbé hin azin bo aï djrè (2006) - Cyprien Tokoudagdaba, Benin

Ai instalou-se a tragedia…

Mas, infelizmente, invocados os espiritos (maiores e menores; mais ou menos elevados), a razao nao voltou a sala: engalfinharam-se todos, ao longo de alinhamentos racicos, numa guerra aberta, numa rixa de bar de beco onde so’ faltou puxar canivetes e, no melhor dos casos, em trocas de azedos galhardetes com lugar de destaque nas parangonas…
Ate’ que, aparentemente, acabaram por se decidir mansamente por um fugaz pacto de regime, ou de elites, pois so’ assim ficariam todos copiosamente servidos dos espolios da guerra, em plena comunhao: onde e’ promovido, contemplado, nomeado, agraciado, galardoado, premiado, ou tambem achincalhado, alguem de um lado do bilo, alguem do outro lado tambem tem de o ser… e.g., se num ano e' premiada uma cantora lirica negra, no ano seguinte tem de ser uma "ex-balarina classica" branca; se no espaco de uma semana morrem dois 'epigonos', um de cada lado da barricada e nos antipodas um do outro em termos de mundovisao, ha' que conceder-lhes ex-aequo et bono uma "indelevel heranca intelectual"... e por ai fora.

Récade(2004)- Cyprien Tokoudagdaba, Benin

Assim, nesse ambiente de paz podre, como ovo de cobra se pariu a hipocrita neofita “ideologia dos (pretensos) afectos”, cuja vitima mais notoria tem sido a possibilidade (supostamente conquistada no pos-guerra com os novos tempos de construcao democratica) de qualquer debate intelectual minimamente objectivo, racional e construtivo sobre as questoes de fundo subjacentes a tal disputa - espante-se, pois, a multidao, de que a Historia de Angola, e da Africa em geral, seja pouco mais do que uma eterna sucessao de aparentemente "inexplicaveis", ou "exclusivamente incitadas pelo ocidente", guerras fratricidas...

Acontece, porem, que ha’ pelo meio desse campo de batalha umas estranhas (estrangeiras?) criaturas que nunca nele voluntariamente se meteram, nem nunca se propuseram envolver-se em nenhuma guerra com qualquer dos lados da contenda, mesmo porque para tal nunca foram invocadas ou convocadas e, acima de tudo, nao teem nem nunca tiveram qualquer apetencia pelos espolios em questao.

… OU DE COMO OS SONHOS ANDAM EM PARAFUSO
(PARA USO DESUSO E ABUSO) …

Dangbé (2005)- Cyprien Tokoudagdaba, Benin

Mas… como diz a multidao de cobra ao pescoco e presa ao chao: “sai debaixo, porque onde bilam os elefantes, o capim e’ que paga”, ou seja, as tais estranhas criaturas [“pobres e insignificantes”, segundo uma certa ‘onca chorona’ contra quem, em tempos nao assim tao longinquos mas que agora a todos convem varrer para debaixo do tapete, um dos lados chegou a emitir um abaixo-assinado acusando-a de “sistematicas praticas social e racialmente discriminatorias” (o que a levou, num passe de magica, do dia para a noite, a trocar as sapatilhas de ballet classico pela mascara MwanaPwo para assim se afirmar "mais negra e mais angolana” - no que, diga-se de passagem, a sua famosa, exotica e prestimosa bunDONA muito a tem ajudado - do que os seus criticos todos juntos e, mais ainda, do que a propria Angolanidade… ao ponto de agora ate' se permitir deliberar e ordenar sobre quem "merece" ou nao ser Angolano - o que, de resto, ultimamente vem "fazendo genero" entre certas criaturas de nacionalidade e/ou identidade duvidosa... -, e, agora que se diz "mae da danca contemporanea em Africa (...!)", se calhar ate' da propria Africanidade!), numa certa academia de musica e danca classica – onde, incidentalmente, ha’ vinte e tal anos, numa das unicas tres ocasioes em que me lembro de a ter visto na vida (ja' agora, as duas outras foram, respectivamente, em Luanda, nas imediacoes do Liceu Feminino, quando pela primeira vez lhe reparei no traseiro e, em Lisboa, durante um evento da embaixada de Angola com a presenca de JES, em que ela, como dedicada cortesã e servidora do poder, apresentava uma danca especialmente dedicada a S.Excia.), nao pude deixar de reparar nela num dia em que, como por vezes fazia depois da minha aula de piano com o meu professor kaTchokwe que tinha sido treinado por uma mestra Sovietica, quando geralmente ja’ nao se encontrava mais ninguem no edificio, me entregava ao livre exercicio de “jazzin' up” os acordes classicos que com ele tinha praticado, ela apareceu a porta da sala onde o fazia, acompanhada por um ou dois dos seus ‘leoes’, com o ar inquisitorial-nazi de quem pergunta e diz “qu'essa merda?! porra!!!”, mas, perante o meu olhar sereno, acabou por se retirar com os seus acompanhantes sem uma palavra…]!

Requin (2004) - Cyprien Toukoudagba, Benin

Resulta que a dita “ideologia dos (pretensos) afectos” apenas tem conseguido criar, alimentar e reproduzir “ogros”, ou seja, monstros, vultos e glitterati esquizofrenicos, coadjuvados, quais sombras omnipresentes, omnipotentes e omniscientes, por seus ghost writers, "assistentes de criacao" e "conselheiros tecnicos indigenas" mais suas infaliveis coortes de sycophantas, sedentos de poder absoluto e dominacao exclusiva das parangonas e determinados a destroçar a catanada todos os sonhos que desconseguem usar, abusar e desusar…
E a razao... essa, enquanto o ambiente na sala continua de cortar a catanada, permanece angustiosamente inatingivel num qualquer labirinto entre a lua e a estrela, enquanto a ‘onca chorona’, transmudada na sua outra pele de cobra (Rsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrs), continua, com toda a destreza e leveza que lhe sao conhecidas, dominando as parangonas e debicando dos pratos patrocinadores do
p(h)oder do estado onde tudo lhe e’ servido de bandeja, com ou sem desfalque: o reino e a vontade!

Mas… como tambem dizem os coitados de chupa no pe’: “o p(h)oder corrompe e o
p(h)oder absoluto corrompe absolutamente”, mas… ta’ tudo bem!




[… mas a musica ja’ nos desce mais 'as maos…]


Ilustracoes (excepto a ultima): Gaïa – Art Moderne et Contemporain d’Afrique (2007)

*****

Posts relacionados:





Masque (2003) - Amidou Dossou, Benin

Foi o dia em que alguem, algures entre a Maianga e a Cidade Alta, resolveu que a literatura angolana precisava de algo assim como uma “biblioteca asseptica”: “ja’ era preciso um trabalho assim, uma especie de condensado para que as novas geracoes entendam como a personalidade dos povos de Angola se foi afirmando atraves da literatura…” – tera’ (alegadamente) sentenciado o mais elevado dos espiritas.

Gbé hin azin bo aï djrè (2006) - Cyprien Tokoudagdaba, Benin

Ai instalou-se a tragedia…

Mas, infelizmente, invocados os espiritos (maiores e menores; mais ou menos elevados), a razao nao voltou a sala: engalfinharam-se todos, ao longo de alinhamentos racicos, numa guerra aberta, numa rixa de bar de beco onde so’ faltou puxar canivetes e, no melhor dos casos, em trocas de azedos galhardetes com lugar de destaque nas parangonas…
Ate’ que, aparentemente, acabaram por se decidir mansamente por um fugaz pacto de regime, ou de elites, pois so’ assim ficariam todos copiosamente servidos dos espolios da guerra, em plena comunhao: onde e’ promovido, contemplado, nomeado, agraciado, galardoado, premiado, ou tambem achincalhado, alguem de um lado do bilo, alguem do outro lado tambem tem de o ser… e.g., se num ano e' premiada uma cantora lirica negra, no ano seguinte tem de ser uma "ex-balarina classica" branca; se no espaco de uma semana morrem dois 'epigonos', um de cada lado da barricada e nos antipodas um do outro em termos de mundovisao, ha' que conceder-lhes ex-aequo et bono uma "indelevel heranca intelectual"... e por ai fora.

Récade(2004)- Cyprien Tokoudagdaba, Benin

Assim, nesse ambiente de paz podre, como ovo de cobra se pariu a hipocrita neofita “ideologia dos (pretensos) afectos”, cuja vitima mais notoria tem sido a possibilidade (supostamente conquistada no pos-guerra com os novos tempos de construcao democratica) de qualquer debate intelectual minimamente objectivo, racional e construtivo sobre as questoes de fundo subjacentes a tal disputa - espante-se, pois, a multidao, de que a Historia de Angola, e da Africa em geral, seja pouco mais do que uma eterna sucessao de aparentemente "inexplicaveis", ou "exclusivamente incitadas pelo ocidente", guerras fratricidas...

Acontece, porem, que ha’ pelo meio desse campo de batalha umas estranhas (estrangeiras?) criaturas que nunca nele voluntariamente se meteram, nem nunca se propuseram envolver-se em nenhuma guerra com qualquer dos lados da contenda, mesmo porque para tal nunca foram invocadas ou convocadas e, acima de tudo, nao teem nem nunca tiveram qualquer apetencia pelos espolios em questao.

… OU DE COMO OS SONHOS ANDAM EM PARAFUSO
(PARA USO DESUSO E ABUSO) …

Dangbé (2005)- Cyprien Tokoudagdaba, Benin

Mas… como diz a multidao de cobra ao pescoco e presa ao chao: “sai debaixo, porque onde bilam os elefantes, o capim e’ que paga”, ou seja, as tais estranhas criaturas [“pobres e insignificantes”, segundo uma certa ‘onca chorona’ contra quem, em tempos nao assim tao longinquos mas que agora a todos convem varrer para debaixo do tapete, um dos lados chegou a emitir um abaixo-assinado acusando-a de “sistematicas praticas social e racialmente discriminatorias” (o que a levou, num passe de magica, do dia para a noite, a trocar as sapatilhas de ballet classico pela mascara MwanaPwo para assim se afirmar "mais negra e mais angolana” - no que, diga-se de passagem, a sua famosa, exotica e prestimosa bunDONA muito a tem ajudado - do que os seus criticos todos juntos e, mais ainda, do que a propria Angolanidade… ao ponto de agora ate' se permitir deliberar e ordenar sobre quem "merece" ou nao ser Angolano - o que, de resto, ultimamente vem "fazendo genero" entre certas criaturas de nacionalidade e/ou identidade duvidosa... -, e, agora que se diz "mae da danca contemporanea em Africa (...!)", se calhar ate' da propria Africanidade!), numa certa academia de musica e danca classica – onde, incidentalmente, ha’ vinte e tal anos, numa das unicas tres ocasioes em que me lembro de a ter visto na vida (ja' agora, as duas outras foram, respectivamente, em Luanda, nas imediacoes do Liceu Feminino, quando pela primeira vez lhe reparei no traseiro e, em Lisboa, durante um evento da embaixada de Angola com a presenca de JES, em que ela, como dedicada cortesã e servidora do poder, apresentava uma danca especialmente dedicada a S.Excia.), nao pude deixar de reparar nela num dia em que, como por vezes fazia depois da minha aula de piano com o meu professor kaTchokwe que tinha sido treinado por uma mestra Sovietica, quando geralmente ja’ nao se encontrava mais ninguem no edificio, me entregava ao livre exercicio de “jazzin' up” os acordes classicos que com ele tinha praticado, ela apareceu a porta da sala onde o fazia, acompanhada por um ou dois dos seus ‘leoes’, com o ar inquisitorial-nazi de quem pergunta e diz “qu'essa merda?! porra!!!”, mas, perante o meu olhar sereno, acabou por se retirar com os seus acompanhantes sem uma palavra…]!

Requin (2004) - Cyprien Toukoudagba, Benin

Resulta que a dita “ideologia dos (pretensos) afectos” apenas tem conseguido criar, alimentar e reproduzir “ogros”, ou seja, monstros, vultos e glitterati esquizofrenicos, coadjuvados, quais sombras omnipresentes, omnipotentes e omniscientes, por seus ghost writers, "assistentes de criacao" e "conselheiros tecnicos indigenas" mais suas infaliveis coortes de sycophantas, sedentos de poder absoluto e dominacao exclusiva das parangonas e determinados a destroçar a catanada todos os sonhos que desconseguem usar, abusar e desusar…
E a razao... essa, enquanto o ambiente na sala continua de cortar a catanada, permanece angustiosamente inatingivel num qualquer labirinto entre a lua e a estrela, enquanto a ‘onca chorona’, transmudada na sua outra pele de cobra (Rsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrsrs), continua, com toda a destreza e leveza que lhe sao conhecidas, dominando as parangonas e debicando dos pratos patrocinadores do
p(h)oder do estado onde tudo lhe e’ servido de bandeja, com ou sem desfalque: o reino e a vontade!

Mas… como tambem dizem os coitados de chupa no pe’: “o p(h)oder corrompe e o
p(h)oder absoluto corrompe absolutamente”, mas… ta’ tudo bem!




[… mas a musica ja’ nos desce mais 'as maos…]


Ilustracoes (excepto a ultima): Gaïa – Art Moderne et Contemporain d’Afrique (2007)

*****

Posts relacionados: